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The seven days and their planets, the month names, and the two clock times that follow no rule.
The days of the week all end in वार, meaning day, and begin with a planet: सोम the moon, मंगल Mars, बुध Mercury, गुरु Jupiter, शुक्र Venus, शनि Saturn, रवि the sun. It is the same astronomical scheme behind the English and Romance names, arrived at independently from the same ancient tradition.
Month names for the Gregorian calendar are simply the English ones written in Devanagari — जनवरी, फ़रवरी, मार्च. The traditional Vikram Samvat calendar has completely different months (चैत्र, वैशाख, ज्येष्ठ and so on) and is used for festivals and religious dates. Mixing the two is a common error on learning sites; they are separate systems for separate purposes.
Telling the time uses बजे after the hour: तीन बजे is three o'clock. Quarter past is सवा before the hour, half past is साढ़े, quarter to is पौने — सवा तीन, साढ़े तीन, पौने चार.
Two times break the pattern entirely and have their own words: 1:30 is डेढ़ बजे and 2:30 is ढाई बजे. Not साढ़े एक, not साढ़े दो. There is no rule, only the two words, and every learner is caught by them once.
One more oddity: कल means both yesterday and tomorrow. The verb tense tells you which.
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