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Spanish C1 — Spanish C1 Advanced Mastery

Written by: authorship not independently recorded. Maintained by Prakash. Reviewed by: not recorded. Updated: 2026-10-05. Editorial policy and corrections.

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The whole Spanish C1 level as one readable page: 3 units, 9 lessons, 63 words, 289 questions with every answer shown, a worksheet and a 10-item level test. Nothing here is behind JavaScript, and nothing needs an account.

Who this level is for. C1 is one of the six CEFR levels and the C1 rung on this site’s ladder: the learner in the picture is an older adult, because on this site age is the rung — the same learner grows up the ladder as the language grows. By the end of it you can idiom, register, tone — and hear when it is wrong.

An older adult learning Spanish at level C1 (senior) — C1 — on the ladder this level is an older adult, age 58: by the end of it the learner can idiom, register, tone — and hear when it is wrong. The same figure is on the course hub and in how the eleven rungs work.

What you can do when C1 is finished

Control advanced discourse and register.
Synthesize and mediate complex information.
Produce precise professional and academic language.

C1, unit by unit

Discourse and Stance

Evidentiality and the Subjunctive

Calibrate certainty by distinguishing reported fact, inference, and evaluation.

Word	Say it	Meaning
cabe señalar	kabe senyalar	it should be noted
se desprende	se desprende	it follows/emerges
no parece que	no parese ke	it does not appear that
es plausible	es plausible	it is plausible
constatar	konstatar	to establish/verify
matizar	matisar	to qualify
indicio	indisio	indication
certeza	sertesa	certainty

Mood after stance expressions

Indicative mood presents information as asserted; the subjunctive after no parece que, es posible que, and evaluative frames suspends or evaluates commitment. The choice is semantic, not decorative.

stance frame + que + indicative/subjunctive

Word	Say it	Meaning
Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa.	los datos indikan una tendensia pero no permiten konstatar su kausa	The data indicate a trend but do not establish its cause.
No parece que la medida haya reducido la desigualdad.	no parese ke la medida aya redusido la desigualdad	The measure does not appear to have reduced inequality.
Cabe señalar que el resultado depende del período analizado.	kabe senyalar ke el resultado depende del periodo analisado	It should be noted that the result depends on the period analysed.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analista	Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa.	los datos indikan una tendensia pero no permiten konstatar su kausa	The data indicate a trend but do not establish its cause.
Editora	No parece que la medida haya reducido la desigualdad.	no parese ke la medida aya redusido la desigualdad	The measure does not appear to have reduced inequality.
Colega	Cabe señalar que el resultado depende del período analizado.	kabe senyalar ke el resultado depende del periodo analisado	It should be noted that the result depends on the period analysed.
Moderador	Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa.	los datos indikan una tendensia pero no permiten konstatar su kausa	The data indicate a trend but do not establish its cause.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this Spanish practice tests. multiple choice, fill in the blank, translation, reverse translation, matching, reorder, sentence building, word selection, error correction, dialogue completion, reading comprehension, paragraph comprehension.

multiple choiceEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Choose the meaning of cabe señalar.
1. it should be noted
2. it follows/emerges
3. it does not appear that
Show the answer
it should be noted
fill the gapEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Produce the target form for “it follows/emerges”.
Show the answer
se desprende
translateEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Interpret no parece que (no parese ke).
Show the answer
it does not appear that
translate into the languageEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Translate into the target language: it is plausible.
Show the answer
es plausible
matchingEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Match constatar to its contextual meaning.
1. to establish/verify
2. to qualify
3. indication
Show the answer
to establish/verify
put it in orderEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Rebuild: It should be noted that the result depends on the period analysed.
Show the answer
Cabe señalar que el resultado depende del período analizado.
build the sentenceEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Build the model sentence for: The data indicate a trend but do not establish its cause.
Show the answer
Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa.
choose the wordEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Select the expression meaning “certainty”.
1. certeza
2. cabe señalar
3. se desprende
Show the answer
certeza
find the mistakeEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Replace an inaccurate rendering with the lesson model: It should be noted that the result depends on the period analysed.
Show the answer
Cabe señalar que el resultado depende del período analizado.
finish the dialogueEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Complete the turn meaning: The measure does not appear to have reduced inequality.
Show the answer
Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa.
readingEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Read Cabe señalar que el resultado depende del período analizado.. State its precise meaning.
Show the answer
It should be noted that the result depends on the period analysed.
paragraphEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Explain this turn’s role in the dialogue: Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa.
Show the answer
The data indicate a trend but do not establish its cause.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits cabe señalar?
1. it should be noted
2. it follows/emerges
3. it does not appear that
4. it is plausible
Show the answer
it should be noted
cabe señalar means it should be noted in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits se desprende?
1. it follows/emerges
2. it does not appear that
3. it is plausible
4. to establish/verify
Show the answer
it follows/emerges
se desprende means it follows/emerges in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits no parece que?
1. it does not appear that
2. it is plausible
3. to establish/verify
4. to qualify
Show the answer
it does not appear that
no parece que means it does not appear that in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits es plausible?
1. it is plausible
2. to establish/verify
3. to qualify
4. indication
Show the answer
it is plausible
es plausible means it is plausible in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits constatar?
1. to establish/verify
2. to qualify
3. indication
4. certainty
Show the answer
to establish/verify
constatar means to establish/verify in this lesson.

Worksheet: Evidentiality and the Subjunctive Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	cabe señalar se desprende	it should be noted it follows/emerges
Translate while preserving stance.	Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa. No parece que la medida haya reducido la desigualdad.	The data indicate a trend but do not establish its cause. The measure does not appear to have reduced inequality.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	The data indicate a trend but do not establish its cause. It should be noted that the result depends on the period analysed.	Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa. Cabe señalar que el resultado depende del período analizado.

Review list. cabe señalar · se desprende · no parece que · es plausible

Cohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse

Build extended arguments whose references, reported voices, concessions, and consequences remain unambiguous.

Word	Say it	Meaning
ahora bien	aora byen	that said/however
por consiguiente	por konsigiente	consequently
dicho planteamiento	dicho planteamyento	that approach
a este respecto	a este respecto	in this regard
alegar	alegar	to allege/argue
rebatir	rebatir	to rebut
hilo argumental	ilo argumental	line of argument
referente	referente	referent

Cohesive reference and sequence

C1 discourse uses lexical reference, demonstratives, and reported speech to avoid both mechanical repetition and vague pronouns. Connectors must encode a real relation between propositions.

claim → source attribution → concession → consequence

Word	Say it	Meaning
La autora sostiene que el cambio es viable; ahora bien, reconoce dos límites.	la autora sostyene ke el kambyo es vyable aora byen rekonose dos limites	The author argues that the change is viable; however, she acknowledges two limits.
Dicho planteamiento fue rebatido por falta de evidencia comparable.	dicho planteamyento fue rebatido por falta de evidensia komparable	That approach was rebutted for lack of comparable evidence.
A este respecto, conviene distinguir la objeción del contraargumento.	a este respecto konvyene distinguir la objesion del kontraargumento	In this regard, the objection should be distinguished from the counterargument.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analista	La autora sostiene que el cambio es viable; ahora bien, reconoce dos límites.	la autora sostyene ke el kambyo es vyable aora byen rekonose dos limites	The author argues that the change is viable; however, she acknowledges two limits.
Editora	Dicho planteamiento fue rebatido por falta de evidencia comparable.	dicho planteamyento fue rebatido por falta de evidensia komparable	That approach was rebutted for lack of comparable evidence.
Colega	A este respecto, conviene distinguir la objeción del contraargumento.	a este respecto konvyene distinguir la objesion del kontraargumento	In this regard, the objection should be distinguished from the counterargument.
Moderador	La autora sostiene que el cambio es viable; ahora bien, reconoce dos límites.	la autora sostyene ke el kambyo es vyable aora byen rekonose dos limites	The author argues that the change is viable; however, she acknowledges two limits.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this Spanish practice tests. main idea, detail identification, inference, listening comprehension, dictation, listen and choose, listen and reorder, listen and fill, repeat after audio, pronunciation, shadowing, guided speaking.

the main ideaCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — State the central aim of this lesson.
Show the answer
Build extended arguments whose references, reported voices, concessions, and consequences remain unambiguous.
spot the detailCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Identify the exact detail in Dicho planteamiento fue rebatido por falta de evidencia comparable..
Show the answer
That approach was rebutted for lack of comparable evidence.
what is meantCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Infer the qualified meaning of A este respecto, conviene distinguir la objeción del contraargumento..
Show the answer
A este respecto, conviene distinguir la objeción del contraargumento.
listeningCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Play the synthetic audio and state its meaning.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
The author argues that the change is viable; however, she acknowledges two limits.
dictationCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Play the synthetic audio and type the target-language line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Dicho planteamiento fue rebatido por falta de evidencia comparable.
listen and chooseCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Play the synthetic audio and choose its meaning.
1. That approach was rebutted for lack of comparable evidence.
2. line of argument
3. referent
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
That approach was rebutted for lack of comparable evidence.
listen, then orderCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Play the synthetic audio and rebuild the line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
La autora sostiene que el cambio es viable; ahora bien, reconoce dos límites.
listen and fillCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Play the synthetic audio and complete the line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Dicho planteamiento fue rebatido por falta de evidencia comparable.
repeat itCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Repeat the synthetic model; self-check only.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
A este respecto, conviene distinguir la objeción del contraargumento.
pronunciationCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Practise por consiguiente (por konsigiente); self-check only.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
por consiguiente
shadow the audioCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Shadow the synthetic model with its discourse rhythm.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Dicho planteamiento fue rebatido por falta de evidencia comparable.
guided speakingCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Produce orally: In this regard, the objection should be distinguished from the counterargument.
Show the answer
A este respecto, conviene distinguir la objeción del contraargumento.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits ahora bien?
1. that said/however
2. consequently
3. that approach
4. in this regard
Show the answer
that said/however
ahora bien means that said/however in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits por consiguiente?
1. consequently
2. that approach
3. in this regard
4. to allege/argue
Show the answer
consequently
por consiguiente means consequently in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits dicho planteamiento?
1. that approach
2. in this regard
3. to allege/argue
4. to rebut
Show the answer
that approach
dicho planteamiento means that approach in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits a este respecto?
1. in this regard
2. to allege/argue
3. to rebut
4. line of argument
Show the answer
in this regard
a este respecto means in this regard in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits alegar?
1. to allege/argue
2. to rebut
3. line of argument
4. referent
Show the answer
to allege/argue
alegar means to allege/argue in this lesson.

Worksheet: Cohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	ahora bien por consiguiente	that said/however consequently
Translate while preserving stance.	La autora sostiene que el cambio es viable; ahora bien, reconoce dos límites. Dicho planteamiento fue rebatido por falta de evidencia comparable.	The author argues that the change is viable; however, she acknowledges two limits. That approach was rebutted for lack of comparable evidence.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	The author argues that the change is viable; however, she acknowledges two limits. In this regard, the objection should be distinguished from the counterargument.	La autora sostiene que el cambio es viable; ahora bien, reconoce dos límites. A este respecto, conviene distinguir la objeción del contraargumento.

Review list. ahora bien · por consiguiente · dicho planteamiento · a este respecto

Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes

Spanish distances a claim with adverbs and frames: AL PARECER, PRESUNTAMENTE, AL PARECER QUE, SEGÚN FUENTES, AL PARECER HABRÍA. The frame says who owns the claim — and the conditional keeps it a report.

Word	Say it	Meaning
al parecer	al pah-reh-SEHR	apparently
presuntamente	preh-soon-tah-MEN-teh	allegedly
según fuentes	seh-GOON FWEHN-tehs	according to sources
supuestamente	soo-pwehs-tah-MEN-teh	supposedly
la atribución	lah ah-tree-boo-SYOHN	attribution

Evidential frames

Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido. Presuntamente se pagaron comisiones. The conditional (habría dimitido) labels the news as unconfirmed — dropping it turns the sentence into an assertion.

al parecer + indicative · al parecer, habría + participle · presuntamente + fact

Word	Say it	Meaning
Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido.	al pah-reh-SEHR, el mee-NEES-troh ah-BREE-ah dee-mee-TEE-doh.	Apparently the minister has stepped down.
Presuntamente se pagaron comisiones.	preh-soon-tah-MEN-teh seh pah-GAH-rohn koh-mee-SYOH-nehs.	Commissions were allegedly paid.
Según fuentes del partido, habrá elecciones.	seh-GOON FWEHN-tehs del par-TEE-doh, ah-BRAH eh-lek-SYOH-nehs.	According to party sources, there will be elections.

Watch out:

Al parecer, el ministro dimitió. (unconfirmed) → Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido. The conditional carries the distance.
Presuntamente, seguro que fue él. → Presuntamente fue él. One evidential per claim; certainty cancels the hedge.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Redactor	¿Publicamos que dimitió?	pool-lee-KAH-mohs keh dee-mee-TYOH?	Do we publish that he resigned?
Editora	No. Al parecer habría dimitido — dos fuentes, ninguna oficial.	noh. al pah-reh-SEHR ah-BREE-ah dee-mee-TEE-doh — dohs FWEHN-tehs, neen-GOO-nah oh-fee-SYAL.	No. Apparently he has resigned — two sources, none official.
Redactor	¿Y el titular?	ee el tee-too-LAR?	And the headline?
Editora	«Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido» — con la atribución dentro.	al pah-reh-SEHR, el mee-NEES-troh ah-BREE-ah dee-mee-TEE-doh — kohn lah ah-tree-boo-SYOHN DEN-troh.	'Apparently the minister has stepped down' — with the attribution inside it.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this Spanish practice tests. Spanish. Every exercise works on verb conjugation across three moods, ser/estar and por/para splits, object-pronoun placement, subjunctive in subordinate clauses, and the tú/usted register decision — measured by choosing the right form before producing the sentence..

multiple choicePractice 1: [multiple choice] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Choose the meaning of al parecer (al pah-reh-SEHR) in this lesson.
1. apparently
2. allegedly
3. according to sources
4. supposedly
Show the answer
apparently
fill the gapPractice 2: [fill in the blank] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Type the Spanish expression meaning “allegedly”.
Show the answer
presuntamente
translatePractice 3: [translation] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Interpret the Spanish in context: Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido. (al pah-reh-SEHR, el mee-NEES-troh ah-BREE-ah dee-mee-TEE-doh.).
Show the answer
Apparently the minister has stepped down.
translate into the languagePractice 4: [reverse translation] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Write in Spanish: Commissions were allegedly paid..
Show the answer
Presuntamente se pagaron comisiones.
matchingPractice 5: [matching] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Match según fuentes to its lesson meaning.
1. according to sources
2. apparently
3. allegedly
Show the answer
according to sources
put it in orderPractice 6: [reorder] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Reconstruct the lesson model in coherent Spanish: According to party sources, there will be elections..
Show the answer
Según fuentes del partido, habrá elecciones.
build the sentencePractice 7: [sentence building] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Build the sentence with the lesson pattern (al parecer + indicative · al parecer, habría + participle · presuntamente + fact): Apparently the minister has stepped down..
Show the answer
Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido.
choose the wordPractice 8: [word selection] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Select the Spanish form for “supposedly”.
1. supuestamente
2. la atribución
Show the answer
supuestamente
find the mistakePractice 9: [error correction] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Correct the model the lesson warns about: Al parecer, el ministro dimitió. (unconfirmed)
Show the answer
Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido.
finish the dialoguePractice 10: [dialogue completion] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Complete the exchange with the studied response to: Do we publish that he resigned?
Show the answer
No. Al parecer habría dimitido — dos fuentes, ninguna oficial.
readingPractice 11: [reading comprehension] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Read “¿Y el titular?” (ee el tee-too-LAR?). What does it mean?
Show the answer
And the headline?
paragraphPractice 12: [paragraph comprehension] Atribución sin aval: al parecer, presuntamente, según fuentes — Read the lesson dialogue as a whole and give its key move: 'Apparently the minister has stepped down' — with the attribution inside it.
Show the answer
«Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido» — con la atribución dentro.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits al parecer?
1. apparently
2. allegedly
3. according to sources
4. supposedly
Show the answer
apparently
al parecer (al pah-reh-SEHR) means apparently in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits presuntamente?
1. allegedly
2. apparently
3. according to sources
4. supposedly
Show the answer
allegedly
presuntamente (preh-soon-tah-MEN-teh) means allegedly in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits según fuentes?
1. according to sources
2. apparently
3. allegedly
4. supposedly
Show the answer
according to sources
según fuentes (seh-GOON FWEHN-tehs) means according to sources in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits supuestamente?
1. supposedly
2. apparently
3. allegedly
4. according to sources
Show the answer
supposedly
supuestamente (soo-pwehs-tah-MEN-teh) means supposedly in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits la atribución?
1. attribution
2. apparently
3. allegedly
4. according to sources
Show the answer
attribution
la atribución (lah ah-tree-boo-SYOHN) means attribution in this lesson.

Worksheet: Evidential worksheet

Task	Prompts	Key
Put it at arm's length.	he resigned (unconfirmed) commissions were paid (alleged) there will be elections (sources)	Al parecer, habría dimitido. Presuntamente se pagaron comisiones. Según fuentes, habrá elecciones.
Say what the source is.	two sources, none official party sources	dos fuentes, ninguna oficial fuentes del partido
Integrated offline practice: read the first model, transform or extend it in Spanish, then rehearse it as a dialogue. Self-check meaning, grammar, and register.	Al parecer, el ministro habría dimitido. ¿Publicamos que dimitió?	Apparently the minister has stepped down. Do we publish that he resigned?

Review list. al parecer · presuntamente · según fuentes · supuestamente

Professional and Academic Control

Professional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests

Negotiate deadlines, disagreement, and responsibility without obscuring the requested action.

Word	Say it	Meaning
le agradecería	le agradeseria	I would appreciate it
sería conveniente	seria konvenyente	it would be advisable
plazo	plaso	deadline
contrapropuesta	kontrapropuesta	counterproposal
dejar constancia	dejar konstansia	to put on record
discrepancia	diskrepansia	disagreement
consensuar	konsensuar	to agree jointly
viable	vyable	feasible

Conditional mitigation

The conditional and imperfect subjunctive can soften proposals and requests. Mitigation protects rapport, but an effective professional message still names the action, actor, and deadline.

¿Sería posible que + imperfect subjunctive…?

Word	Say it	Meaning
Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves.	le agradeseria ke envyara la version revisada antes del jueves	I would appreciate it if you sent the revised version before Thursday.
Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.	seria konvenyente dejar konstansia de la diskrepansia en el akta	It would be advisable to record the disagreement in the minutes.
Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo.	podriamos aseptar la kontrapropuesta syempre ke se mantuvyera el plaso	We could accept the counterproposal provided the deadline remained.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analista	Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves.	le agradeseria ke envyara la version revisada antes del jueves	I would appreciate it if you sent the revised version before Thursday.
Editora	Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.	seria konvenyente dejar konstansia de la diskrepansia en el akta	It would be advisable to record the disagreement in the minutes.
Colega	Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo.	podriamos aseptar la kontrapropuesta syempre ke se mantuvyera el plaso	We could accept the counterproposal provided the deadline remained.
Moderador	Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves.	le agradeseria ke envyara la version revisada antes del jueves	I would appreciate it if you sent the revised version before Thursday.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this Spanish practice tests. free response, roleplay, sentence writing, short writing, paraphrase, summary, guided composition, register transformation, tone identification, semantic distinction, contextual meaning, argument construction.

answer in your own wordsProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Give a new spoken response using this lesson’s distinction.
Show the answer
Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves.
role playProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Role-play the turn: It would be advisable to record the disagreement in the minutes.
Show the answer
Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.
write a sentenceProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Write one sentence using plazo.
Show the answer
Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo.
short writingProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Write two linked sentences using the lesson pattern.
Show the answer
Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves.
say it another wayProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Paraphrase without changing stance: Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.
Show the answer
Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.
summariseProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Summarize the dialogue in one target-language sentence.
Show the answer
Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo.
guided compositionProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Compose a short response using the grammar pattern.
Show the answer
Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves.
change the registerProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Recast for a different register: Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.
Show the answer
Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.
read the toneProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Identify the tone of Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo..
Show the answer
Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo.
which one fitsProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Explain the exact meaning of sería conveniente versus the next lesson term.
Show the answer
Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves.
meaning in contextProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Explain the contextual force of plazo.
Show the answer
Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.
build the argumentProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Build a claim, evidence, and qualification using the lesson model.
Show the answer
Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits le agradecería?
1. I would appreciate it
2. it would be advisable
3. deadline
4. counterproposal
Show the answer
I would appreciate it
le agradecería means I would appreciate it in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits sería conveniente?
1. it would be advisable
2. deadline
3. counterproposal
4. to put on record
Show the answer
it would be advisable
sería conveniente means it would be advisable in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits plazo?
1. deadline
2. counterproposal
3. to put on record
4. disagreement
Show the answer
deadline
plazo means deadline in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits contrapropuesta?
1. counterproposal
2. to put on record
3. disagreement
4. to agree jointly
Show the answer
counterproposal
contrapropuesta means counterproposal in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits dejar constancia?
1. to put on record
2. disagreement
3. to agree jointly
4. feasible
Show the answer
to put on record
dejar constancia means to put on record in this lesson.

Worksheet: Professional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	le agradecería sería conveniente	I would appreciate it it would be advisable
Translate while preserving stance.	Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves. Sería conveniente dejar constancia de la discrepancia en el acta.	I would appreciate it if you sent the revised version before Thursday. It would be advisable to record the disagreement in the minutes.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	I would appreciate it if you sent the revised version before Thursday. We could accept the counterproposal provided the deadline remained.	Le agradecería que enviara la versión revisada antes del jueves. Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo.

Review list. le agradecería · sería conveniente · plazo · contrapropuesta

Academic Definition and Qualified Comparison

Define analytical terms, compare equivalent evidence, and preserve scope in reformulation.

Word	Say it	Meaning
marco teórico	marko teoriko	theoretical framework
definición operativa	definision operativa	operational definition
muestra	muestra	sample
hallazgo	ayasgo	finding
correlación	korrelasion	correlation
causalidad	kausalidad	causality
en términos relativos	en terminos relativos	in relative terms
en otras palabras	en otras palabras	in other words

Qualification and nominalisation

Academic Spanish often packages processes as nouns, but nominalisation must not hide the agent or inflate certainty. A comparison states population, criterion, and limitation.

scope + finding + limitation + faithful reformulation

Word	Say it	Meaning
La conclusión se limita a la muestra urbana estudiada.	la konklusion se limita a la muestra urbana estudyada	The conclusion is limited to the urban sample studied.
La correlación observada no demuestra por sí sola causalidad.	la korrelasion observada no demuestra por si sola kausalidad	The observed correlation does not by itself demonstrate causality.
En otras palabras, aumentó el promedio, no cada uno de los valores.	en otras palabras aumento el promedyo no kada uno de los valores	In other words, the average increased, not every value.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analista	La conclusión se limita a la muestra urbana estudiada.	la konklusion se limita a la muestra urbana estudyada	The conclusion is limited to the urban sample studied.
Editora	La correlación observada no demuestra por sí sola causalidad.	la korrelasion observada no demuestra por si sola kausalidad	The observed correlation does not by itself demonstrate causality.
Colega	En otras palabras, aumentó el promedio, no cada uno de los valores.	en otras palabras aumento el promedyo no kada uno de los valores	In other words, the average increased, not every value.
Moderador	La conclusión se limita a la muestra urbana estudiada.	la konklusion se limita a la muestra urbana estudyada	The conclusion is limited to the urban sample studied.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this Spanish practice tests. discourse ordering, style rewriting, idiom interpretation, implied meaning, multiple choice, fill in the blank, translation, reverse translation, matching, reorder, sentence building, word selection.

order the textAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Order context, claim, evidence, and consequence.
Show the answer
context → claim → evidence → consequence
rewrite the styleAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Rewrite in the lesson’s target style: The observed correlation does not by itself demonstrate causality.
Show the answer
La correlación observada no demuestra por sí sola causalidad.
explain the idiomAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Interpret muestra contextually, noting if it is not idiomatic.
Show the answer
sample
read between the linesAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — State what is implied by La conclusión se limita a la muestra urbana estudiada..
Show the answer
La conclusión se limita a la muestra urbana estudiada.
multiple choiceAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Choose the meaning of correlación.
1. correlation
2. causality
3. in relative terms
Show the answer
correlation
fill the gapAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Produce the target form for “causality”.
Show the answer
causalidad
translateAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Interpret en términos relativos (en terminos relativos).
Show the answer
in relative terms
translate into the languageAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Translate into the target language: in other words.
Show the answer
en otras palabras
matchingAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Match marco teórico to its contextual meaning.
1. theoretical framework
2. operational definition
3. sample
Show the answer
theoretical framework
put it in orderAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Rebuild: The conclusion is limited to the urban sample studied.
Show the answer
La conclusión se limita a la muestra urbana estudiada.
build the sentenceAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Build the model sentence for: The observed correlation does not by itself demonstrate causality.
Show the answer
La correlación observada no demuestra por sí sola causalidad.
choose the wordAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Select the expression meaning “finding”.
1. hallazgo
2. correlación
3. causalidad
Show the answer
hallazgo

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits marco teórico?
1. theoretical framework
2. operational definition
3. sample
4. finding
Show the answer
theoretical framework
marco teórico means theoretical framework in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits definición operativa?
1. operational definition
2. sample
3. finding
4. correlation
Show the answer
operational definition
definición operativa means operational definition in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits muestra?
1. sample
2. finding
3. correlation
4. causality
Show the answer
sample
muestra means sample in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits hallazgo?
1. finding
2. correlation
3. causality
4. in relative terms
Show the answer
finding
hallazgo means finding in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits correlación?
1. correlation
2. causality
3. in relative terms
4. in other words
Show the answer
correlation
correlación means correlation in this lesson.

Worksheet: Academic Definition and Qualified Comparison Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	marco teórico definición operativa	theoretical framework operational definition
Translate while preserving stance.	La conclusión se limita a la muestra urbana estudiada. La correlación observada no demuestra por sí sola causalidad.	The conclusion is limited to the urban sample studied. The observed correlation does not by itself demonstrate causality.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	The conclusion is limited to the urban sample studied. In other words, the average increased, not every value.	La conclusión se limita a la muestra urbana estudiada. En otras palabras, aumentó el promedio, no cada uno de los valores.

Review list. marco teórico · definición operativa · muestra · hallazgo

Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que

Careful Spanish causal prose grades the link: CONTRIBUYE A (contributes), PODRÍA EXPLICAR (may explain), APUNTA A QUE (points to), NO BASTA PARA (is not enough to). Each verb states how strong the link is.

Word	Say it	Meaning
contribuir a	kohn-tree-BWEER ah	to contribute to
podría explicar	poh-DREE-ah eks-plee-KAR	could explain
apuntar a que	ah-poon-TAR ah keh	to point to
bastar para	bahs-TAR PAH-rah	to be enough to
la correlación	lah koh-rreh-lah-SYOHN	correlation

Calibrated cause

La demanda contribuye al aumento, pero no basta para explicarlo. The sentence holds a mechanism and its limit in one clause pair — the signature of Spanish academic prose.

contribuye a · podría explicar · apunta a que · no basta para

Word	Say it	Meaning
La sequía podría explicar la subida.	lah seh-KEE-ah poh-DREE-ah eks-plee-KAR lah soo-BEE-dah.	The drought could explain the rise.
Los datos apuntan a que el mercado se recupera.	lohs DAH-tohs ah-POON-tahn ah keh el mer-KAH-doh seh reh-koo-peh-RAH.	The data points to the market recovering.
Una correlación no basta para afirmar una causa.	OO-nah koh-rreh-lah-SYOHN noh BAHS-tah PAH-rah ah-feer-MAR OO-nah KOW-sah.	A correlation is not enough to assert a cause.

Watch out:

La sequía explica la subida. (correlation) → La sequía podría explicar la subida. podría marks the inference.
Los datos apuntan que sube. → Los datos apuntan a que sube. apuntar a que needs the preposition.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Ana	¿Por qué suben los precios?	por keh SOO-behn lohs PREH-syohs?	Why are prices rising?
Analista	La demanda contribuye, pero no basta para explicarlo.	lah deh-MAHN-dah kohn-tree-BWEH-yeh, PEH-roh noh BAHS-tah PAH-rah eks-plee-KAR-loh.	Demand contributes, but it is not enough to explain it.
Ana	¿Y la energía?	ee lah eh-ner-HEE-ah?	And energy?
Analista	También apunta a que hay presión — pero es una correlación.	tahm-BYEHN ah-POON-tah ah keh eye preh-SYOHN — PEH-roh es OO-nah koh-rreh-lah-SYOHN.	It also points to pressure — but it is a correlation.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

multiple choicePractice 1: [multiple choice] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Choose the meaning of contribuir a (kohn-tree-BWEER ah) in this lesson.
1. to contribute to
2. could explain
3. to point to
4. to be enough to
Show the answer
to contribute to
fill the gapPractice 2: [fill in the blank] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Type the Spanish expression meaning “could explain”.
Show the answer
podría explicar
translatePractice 3: [translation] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Interpret the Spanish in context: La sequía podría explicar la subida. (lah seh-KEE-ah poh-DREE-ah eks-plee-KAR lah soo-BEE-dah.).
Show the answer
The drought could explain the rise.
translate into the languagePractice 4: [reverse translation] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Write in Spanish: The data points to the market recovering..
Show the answer
Los datos apuntan a que el mercado se recupera.
matchingPractice 5: [matching] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Match apuntar a que to its lesson meaning.
1. to point to
2. to contribute to
3. could explain
Show the answer
to point to
put it in orderPractice 6: [reorder] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Reconstruct the lesson model in coherent Spanish: A correlation is not enough to assert a cause..
Show the answer
Una correlación no basta para afirmar una causa.
build the sentencePractice 7: [sentence building] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Build the sentence with the lesson pattern (contribuye a · podría explicar · apunta a que · no basta para): The drought could explain the rise..
Show the answer
La sequía podría explicar la subida.
choose the wordPractice 8: [word selection] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Select the Spanish form for “to be enough to”.
1. bastar para
2. la correlación
Show the answer
bastar para
find the mistakePractice 9: [error correction] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Correct the model the lesson warns about: La sequía explica la subida. (correlation)
Show the answer
La sequía podría explicar la subida.
finish the dialoguePractice 10: [dialogue completion] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Complete the exchange with the studied response to: Why are prices rising?
Show the answer
La demanda contribuye, pero no basta para explicarlo.
readingPractice 11: [reading comprehension] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Read “¿Y la energía?” (ee lah eh-ner-HEE-ah?). What does it mean?
Show the answer
And energy?
paragraphPractice 12: [paragraph comprehension] Causalidad graduada: contribuye a, podría explicar, apunta a que — Read the lesson dialogue as a whole and give its key move: It also points to pressure — but it is a correlation.
Show the answer
También apunta a que hay presión — pero es una correlación.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits contribuir a?
1. to contribute to
2. could explain
3. to point to
4. to be enough to
Show the answer
to contribute to
contribuir a (kohn-tree-BWEER ah) means to contribute to in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits podría explicar?
1. could explain
2. to contribute to
3. to point to
4. to be enough to
Show the answer
could explain
podría explicar (poh-DREE-ah eks-plee-KAR) means could explain in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits apuntar a que?
1. to point to
2. to contribute to
3. could explain
4. to be enough to
Show the answer
to point to
apuntar a que (ah-poon-TAR ah keh) means to point to in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits bastar para?
1. to be enough to
2. to contribute to
3. could explain
4. to point to
Show the answer
to be enough to
bastar para (bahs-TAR PAH-rah) means to be enough to in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits la correlación?
1. correlation
2. to contribute to
3. could explain
4. to point to
Show the answer
correlation
la correlación (lah koh-rreh-lah-SYOHN) means correlation in this lesson.

Worksheet: Causality worksheet

Task	Prompts	Key
Grade the link.	could explain contributes to points to	podría explicar contribuye a apunta a que
State the limit.	this alone is not enough correlation is not cause	Esto solo no basta. Una correlación no es una causa.
Integrated offline practice: read the first model, transform or extend it in Spanish, then rehearse it as a dialogue. Self-check meaning, grammar, and register.	La sequía podría explicar la subida. ¿Por qué suben los precios?	The drought could explain the rise. Why are prices rising?

Review list. contribuir a · podría explicar · apuntar a que · bastar para

Pragmatics and Synthesis

Regional Variation and Contextual Register

Interpret regional forms and colloquial choices without treating one variety as defective or universally appropriate.

Word	Say it	Meaning
ustedes	ustedes	you plural
vosotros	vosotros	you plural, mainly Spain
vos	vos	familiar you, many American regions
tratamiento	tratamyento	form of address
coloquial	kolokyal	colloquial
marcado	markado	marked
alternancia	alternansia	alternation
adecuación	adekuasion	appropriateness

Sociolinguistic choice

Pronouns, address, vocabulary, and discourse markers vary across Spanish-speaking regions. Label the source region and relationship; teach comprehension broadly while selecting a consistent production norm.

region + relationship + medium → appropriate form

Word	Say it	Meaning
En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar.	en gran parte de amerika ustedes kubre tanto el plural formal komo el familyar	In much of the Americas, ustedes covers both formal and familiar plural.
El uso de vos es plenamente sistemático en numerosas comunidades.	el uso de vos es plenamente sistematiko en numerosas komunidades	The use of vos is fully systematic in numerous communities.
Una forma regional no es incorrecta, pero puede resultar marcada fuera de su contexto.	una forma rehyonal no es inkorrekta pero puede resultar markada fuera de su konteksto	A regional form is not incorrect, but may sound marked outside its context.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analista	En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar.	en gran parte de amerika ustedes kubre tanto el plural formal komo el familyar	In much of the Americas, ustedes covers both formal and familiar plural.
Editora	El uso de vos es plenamente sistemático en numerosas comunidades.	el uso de vos es plenamente sistematiko en numerosas komunidades	The use of vos is fully systematic in numerous communities.
Colega	Una forma regional no es incorrecta, pero puede resultar marcada fuera de su contexto.	una forma rehyonal no es inkorrekta pero puede resultar markada fuera de su konteksto	A regional form is not incorrect, but may sound marked outside its context.
Moderador	En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar.	en gran parte de amerika ustedes kubre tanto el plural formal komo el familyar	In much of the Americas, ustedes covers both formal and familiar plural.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this Spanish practice tests. error correction, dialogue completion, reading comprehension, paragraph comprehension, main idea, detail identification, inference, listening comprehension, dictation, listen and choose, listen and reorder, listen and fill.

find the mistakeRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Replace an inaccurate rendering with the lesson model: In much of the Americas, ustedes covers both formal and familiar plural.
Show the answer
En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar.
finish the dialogueRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Complete the turn meaning: The use of vos is fully systematic in numerous communities.
Show the answer
El uso de vos es plenamente sistemático en numerosas comunidades.
readingRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Read Una forma regional no es incorrecta, pero puede resultar marcada fuera de su contexto.. State its precise meaning.
Show the answer
A regional form is not incorrect, but may sound marked outside its context.
paragraphRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Explain this turn’s role in the dialogue: En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar.
Show the answer
In much of the Americas, ustedes covers both formal and familiar plural.
the main ideaRegional Variation and Contextual Register — State the central aim of this lesson.
Show the answer
Interpret regional forms and colloquial choices without treating one variety as defective or universally appropriate.
spot the detailRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Identify the exact detail in El uso de vos es plenamente sistemático en numerosas comunidades..
Show the answer
The use of vos is fully systematic in numerous communities.
what is meantRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Infer the qualified meaning of En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar..
Show the answer
En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar.
listeningRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Play the synthetic audio and state its meaning.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
In much of the Americas, ustedes covers both formal and familiar plural.
dictationRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Play the synthetic audio and type the target-language line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Una forma regional no es incorrecta, pero puede resultar marcada fuera de su contexto.
listen and chooseRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Play the synthetic audio and choose its meaning.
1. The use of vos is fully systematic in numerous communities.
2. familiar you, many American regions
3. form of address
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
The use of vos is fully systematic in numerous communities.
listen, then orderRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Play the synthetic audio and rebuild the line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
El uso de vos es plenamente sistemático en numerosas comunidades.
listen and fillRegional Variation and Contextual Register — Play the synthetic audio and complete the line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Una forma regional no es incorrecta, pero puede resultar marcada fuera de su contexto.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits ustedes?
1. you plural
2. you plural, mainly Spain
3. familiar you, many American regions
4. form of address
Show the answer
you plural
ustedes means you plural in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits vosotros?
1. you plural, mainly Spain
2. familiar you, many American regions
3. form of address
4. colloquial
Show the answer
you plural, mainly Spain
vosotros means you plural, mainly Spain in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits vos?
1. familiar you, many American regions
2. form of address
3. colloquial
4. marked
Show the answer
familiar you, many American regions
vos means familiar you, many American regions in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits tratamiento?
1. form of address
2. colloquial
3. marked
4. alternation
Show the answer
form of address
tratamiento means form of address in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits coloquial?
1. colloquial
2. marked
3. alternation
4. appropriateness
Show the answer
colloquial
coloquial means colloquial in this lesson.

Worksheet: Regional Variation and Contextual Register Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	ustedes vosotros	you plural you plural, mainly Spain
Translate while preserving stance.	En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar. El uso de vos es plenamente sistemático en numerosas comunidades.	In much of the Americas, ustedes covers both formal and familiar plural. The use of vos is fully systematic in numerous communities.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	In much of the Americas, ustedes covers both formal and familiar plural. A regional form is not incorrect, but may sound marked outside its context.	En gran parte de América, ustedes cubre tanto el plural formal como el familiar. Una forma regional no es incorrecta, pero puede resultar marcada fuera de su contexto.

Review list. ustedes · vosotros · vos · tratamiento

Source Synthesis and Public Mediation

Synthesize conflicting sources and explain technical conclusions to a non-specialist audience without distorting certainty.

Word	Say it	Meaning
converger	konverher	to converge
discrepar	diskrepar	to disagree
alcance	alkanse	scope
salvedad	salvedad	caveat
divulgación	divulgasion	public communication
reformular	reformular	to reformulate
destinatario	destinataryo	audience/addressee
síntesis	sintesis	synthesis

Concession and mediation

A synthesis relates sources rather than listing them. Public mediation retains the proposition and evidence limits while changing density, terminology, and examples for the audience.

source A + relation to source B + warranted synthesis

Word	Say it	Meaning
Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud.	ambos estudyos konverhen en la direksion del efekto aunke diskrepan sobre su magnitud	Both studies converge on the direction of the effect, although they disagree on its magnitude.
La síntesis debe conservar las salvedades metodológicas de cada fuente.	la sintesis debe konserva las salvedades metodolohikas de kada fuente	The synthesis must preserve each source’s methodological caveats.
Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.	para el publiko heneral reformularemos el ayasgo sin presentarlo komo sertesa	For the general public, we will reformulate the finding without presenting it as certainty.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analista	Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud.	ambos estudyos konverhen en la direksion del efekto aunke diskrepan sobre su magnitud	Both studies converge on the direction of the effect, although they disagree on its magnitude.
Editora	La síntesis debe conservar las salvedades metodológicas de cada fuente.	la sintesis debe konserva las salvedades metodolohikas de kada fuente	The synthesis must preserve each source’s methodological caveats.
Colega	Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.	para el publiko heneral reformularemos el ayasgo sin presentarlo komo sertesa	For the general public, we will reformulate the finding without presenting it as certainty.
Moderador	Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud.	ambos estudyos konverhen en la direksion del efekto aunke diskrepan sobre su magnitud	Both studies converge on the direction of the effect, although they disagree on its magnitude.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this Spanish practice tests. repeat after audio, pronunciation, shadowing, guided speaking, free response, roleplay, sentence writing, short writing, paraphrase, summary, guided composition, register transformation.

repeat itSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Repeat the synthetic model; self-check only.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud.
pronunciationSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Practise discrepar (diskrepar); self-check only.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
discrepar
shadow the audioSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Shadow the synthetic model with its discourse rhythm.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.
guided speakingSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Produce orally: Both studies converge on the direction of the effect, although they disagree on its magnitude.
Show the answer
Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud.
answer in your own wordsSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Give a new spoken response using this lesson’s distinction.
Show the answer
La síntesis debe conservar las salvedades metodológicas de cada fuente.
role playSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Role-play the turn: The synthesis must preserve each source’s methodological caveats.
Show the answer
Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.
write a sentenceSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Write one sentence using destinatario.
Show the answer
Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud.
short writingSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Write two linked sentences using the lesson pattern.
Show the answer
La síntesis debe conservar las salvedades metodológicas de cada fuente.
say it another waySource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Paraphrase without changing stance: Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.
Show the answer
Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.
summariseSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Summarize the dialogue in one target-language sentence.
Show the answer
Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud.
guided compositionSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Compose a short response using the grammar pattern.
Show the answer
La síntesis debe conservar las salvedades metodológicas de cada fuente.
change the registerSource Synthesis and Public Mediation — Recast for a different register: Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.
Show the answer
Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits converger?
1. to converge
2. to disagree
3. scope
4. caveat
Show the answer
to converge
converger means to converge in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits discrepar?
1. to disagree
2. scope
3. caveat
4. public communication
Show the answer
to disagree
discrepar means to disagree in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits alcance?
1. scope
2. caveat
3. public communication
4. to reformulate
Show the answer
scope
alcance means scope in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits salvedad?
1. caveat
2. public communication
3. to reformulate
4. audience/addressee
Show the answer
caveat
salvedad means caveat in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits divulgación?
1. public communication
2. to reformulate
3. audience/addressee
4. synthesis
Show the answer
public communication
divulgación means public communication in this lesson.

Worksheet: Source Synthesis and Public Mediation Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	converger discrepar	to converge to disagree
Translate while preserving stance.	Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud. La síntesis debe conservar las salvedades metodológicas de cada fuente.	Both studies converge on the direction of the effect, although they disagree on its magnitude. The synthesis must preserve each source’s methodological caveats.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	Both studies converge on the direction of the effect, although they disagree on its magnitude. For the general public, we will reformulate the finding without presenting it as certainty.	Ambos estudios convergen en la dirección del efecto, aunque discrepan sobre su magnitud. Para el público general, reformularemos el hallazgo sin presentarlo como certeza.

Review list. converger · discrepar · alcance · salvedad

Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo

Synthesis names the sources and then speaks with one voice: SEGÚN EL INSTITUTO …, LA PATRONAL SEÑALA POR SU LADO … — EN LO QUE AMBAS COINCIDEN ES EN QUE … The third sentence is the synthesis.

Word	Say it	Meaning
señalar	seh-nyah-LAR	to point out
por su lado	por soo LAH-doh	on its side
coincidir en	koh-een-see-DEER en	to agree on
el instituto	el een-stee-TOO-toh	institute
la patronal	lah pah-troh-NAL	employers' association

Source sandwich

Según el instituto, la cifra es estable. La patronal señala por su lado riesgos. En lo que ambos coinciden es en que faltan datos. Three sentences, two positions, one honest conclusion.

según A … · B señala por su lado … · en lo que ambos coinciden es en que …

Word	Say it	Meaning
Según el instituto, la cifra es estable.	seh-GOON el een-stee-TOO-toh, lah SEE-frah es es-TAH-bleh.	According to the institute the figure is stable.
La patronal señala riesgos por su lado.	lah pah-troh-NAL seh-NYAH-lah RYEH-sgohs por soo LAH-doh.	The employers' association points to risks on its side.
En lo que ambos coinciden es en que faltan datos.	en loh keh AHM-bohs koh-een-SEE-dehn es en keh FAHL-tahn DAH-tohs.	What both agree on is that data is missing.

Watch out:

Ambos dicen lo mismo, pero lo contrario. → Ambos ven cosas distintas y coinciden en el diagnóstico. A synthesis states difference and shared ground; it cannot merge them.
Coinciden en que los datos. → Coinciden en que faltan datos. The shared point is a clause, not a noun phrase.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Ana	¿Cómo resumo las dos fuentes?	KOH-moh reh-SOO-moh lah dohs FWEHN-tehs?	How do I summarise the two sources?
Ben	Primero cada una, después el punto común.	pree-MEH-roh KAH-dah OO-nah, des-PWEHS el POON-toh koh-MOON.	First each one, then the common point.
Ana	«Según el instituto es estable; la patronal señala riesgos…»	seh-GOON el een-stee-TOO-toh es es-TAH-bleh; lah pah-troh-NAL seh-NYAH-lah RYEH-sgohs…	'According to the institute it is stable; the employers point to risks…'
Ben	…y «en lo que coinciden es en que faltan datos». Perfecto.	ee en loh keh koh-een-SEE-dehn es en keh FAHL-tahn DAH-tohs. per-FEK-toh.	…and 'what they agree on is that data is missing'. Perfect.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

multiple choicePractice 1: [multiple choice] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Choose the meaning of señalar (seh-nyah-LAR) in this lesson.
1. to point out
2. on its side
3. to agree on
4. institute
Show the answer
to point out
fill the gapPractice 2: [fill in the blank] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Type the Spanish expression meaning “on its side”.
Show the answer
por su lado
translatePractice 3: [translation] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Interpret the Spanish in context: Según el instituto, la cifra es estable. (seh-GOON el een-stee-TOO-toh, lah SEE-frah es es-TAH-bleh.).
Show the answer
According to the institute the figure is stable.
translate into the languagePractice 4: [reverse translation] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Write in Spanish: The employers' association points to risks on its side..
Show the answer
La patronal señala riesgos por su lado.
matchingPractice 5: [matching] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Match coincidir en to its lesson meaning.
1. to agree on
2. to point out
3. on its side
Show the answer
to agree on
put it in orderPractice 6: [reorder] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Reconstruct the lesson model in coherent Spanish: What both agree on is that data is missing..
Show the answer
En lo que ambos coinciden es en que faltan datos.
build the sentencePractice 7: [sentence building] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Build the sentence with the lesson pattern (según A … · B señala por su lado … · en lo que ambos coinciden es en que …): According to the institute the figure is stable..
Show the answer
Según el instituto, la cifra es estable.
choose the wordPractice 8: [word selection] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Select the Spanish form for “institute”.
1. el instituto
2. la patronal
Show the answer
el instituto
find the mistakePractice 9: [error correction] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Correct the model the lesson warns about: Ambos dicen lo mismo, pero lo contrario.
Show the answer
Ambos ven cosas distintas y coinciden en el diagnóstico.
finish the dialoguePractice 10: [dialogue completion] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Complete the exchange with the studied response to: How do I summarise the two sources?
Show the answer
Primero cada una, después el punto común.
readingPractice 11: [reading comprehension] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Read “«Según el instituto es estable; la patronal señala riesgos…»” (seh-GOON el een-stee-TOO-toh es es-TAH-bleh; lah pah-troh-NAL seh-NYAH-lah RYEH-sgohs…). What does it mean?
Show the answer
'According to the institute it is stable; the employers point to risks…'
paragraphPractice 12: [paragraph comprehension] Síntesis: dos fuentes en un párrafo — Read the lesson dialogue as a whole and give its key move: …and 'what they agree on is that data is missing'. Perfect.
Show the answer
…y «en lo que coinciden es en que faltan datos». Perfecto.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits señalar?
1. to point out
2. on its side
3. to agree on
4. institute
Show the answer
to point out
señalar (seh-nyah-LAR) means to point out in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits por su lado?
1. on its side
2. to point out
3. to agree on
4. institute
Show the answer
on its side
por su lado (por soo LAH-doh) means on its side in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits coincidir en?
1. to agree on
2. to point out
3. on its side
4. institute
Show the answer
to agree on
coincidir en (koh-een-see-DEER en) means to agree on in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits el instituto?
1. institute
2. to point out
3. on its side
4. to agree on
Show the answer
institute
el instituto (el een-stee-TOO-toh) means institute in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits la patronal?
1. employers' association
2. to point out
3. on its side
4. to agree on
Show the answer
employers' association
la patronal (lah pah-troh-NAL) means employers' association in this lesson.

Worksheet: Synthesis worksheet

Task	Prompts	Key
Line the sources up.	according to the institute the association, on its side	según el instituto la patronal, por su lado
Write the synthesis.	what both agree on	En lo que ambos coinciden es en que …
Integrated offline practice: read the first model, transform or extend it in Spanish, then rehearse it as a dialogue. Self-check meaning, grammar, and register.	Según el instituto, la cifra es estable. ¿Cómo resumo las dos fuentes?	According to the institute the figure is stable. How do I summarise the two sources?

Review list. señalar · por su lado · coincidir en · el instituto

Recall drills — 126 more questions from the C1 words

These 126 drills are generated from the Spanish C1 vocabulary list — the words of “Discourse and Stance” through “Pragmatics and Synthesis”, in both directions: recognition (word → meaning) and production (meaning → word). They re-ask what the course data already contains; no answer here was written by a machine, and a generated drill is practice, never a lesson.

Discourse and Stance — 42 drills

Ask	Answer
What does “cabe señalar” mean?	it should be noted
How do you say “it should be noted” in Spanish?	cabe señalar — say it “kabe senyalar”
What does “se desprende” mean?	it follows/emerges
How do you say “it follows/emerges” in Spanish?	se desprende — say it “se desprende”
What does “no parece que” mean?	it does not appear that
How do you say “it does not appear that” in Spanish?	no parece que — say it “no parese ke”
What does “es plausible” mean?	it is plausible
How do you say “it is plausible” in Spanish?	es plausible — say it “es plausible”
What does “constatar” mean?	to establish/verify
How do you say “to establish/verify” in Spanish?	constatar — say it “konstatar”
What does “matizar” mean?	to qualify
How do you say “to qualify” in Spanish?	matizar — say it “matisar”
What does “indicio” mean?	indication
How do you say “indication” in Spanish?	indicio — say it “indisio”
What does “certeza” mean?	certainty
How do you say “certainty” in Spanish?	certeza — say it “sertesa”
What does “ahora bien” mean?	that said/however
How do you say “that said/however” in Spanish?	ahora bien — say it “aora byen”
What does “por consiguiente” mean?	consequently
How do you say “consequently” in Spanish?	por consiguiente — say it “por konsigiente”
What does “dicho planteamiento” mean?	that approach
How do you say “that approach” in Spanish?	dicho planteamiento — say it “dicho planteamyento”
What does “a este respecto” mean?	in this regard
How do you say “in this regard” in Spanish?	a este respecto — say it “a este respecto”
What does “alegar” mean?	to allege/argue
How do you say “to allege/argue” in Spanish?	alegar — say it “alegar”
What does “rebatir” mean?	to rebut
How do you say “to rebut” in Spanish?	rebatir — say it “rebatir”
What does “hilo argumental” mean?	line of argument
How do you say “line of argument” in Spanish?	hilo argumental — say it “ilo argumental”
What does “referente” mean?	referent
How do you say “referent” in Spanish?	referente — say it “referente”
What does “al parecer” mean?	apparently
How do you say “apparently” in Spanish?	al parecer — say it “al pah-reh-SEHR”
What does “presuntamente” mean?	allegedly
How do you say “allegedly” in Spanish?	presuntamente — say it “preh-soon-tah-MEN-teh”
What does “según fuentes” mean?	according to sources
How do you say “according to sources” in Spanish?	según fuentes — say it “seh-GOON FWEHN-tehs”
What does “supuestamente” mean?	supposedly
How do you say “supposedly” in Spanish?	supuestamente — say it “soo-pwehs-tah-MEN-teh”
What does “la atribución” mean?	attribution
How do you say “attribution” in Spanish?	la atribución — say it “lah ah-tree-boo-SYOHN”

Professional and Academic Control — 42 drills

Ask	Answer
What does “le agradecería” mean?	I would appreciate it
How do you say “I would appreciate it” in Spanish?	le agradecería — say it “le agradeseria”
What does “sería conveniente” mean?	it would be advisable
How do you say “it would be advisable” in Spanish?	sería conveniente — say it “seria konvenyente”
What does “plazo” mean?	deadline
How do you say “deadline” in Spanish?	plazo — say it “plaso”
What does “contrapropuesta” mean?	counterproposal
How do you say “counterproposal” in Spanish?	contrapropuesta — say it “kontrapropuesta”
What does “dejar constancia” mean?	to put on record
How do you say “to put on record” in Spanish?	dejar constancia — say it “dejar konstansia”
What does “discrepancia” mean?	disagreement
How do you say “disagreement” in Spanish?	discrepancia — say it “diskrepansia”
What does “consensuar” mean?	to agree jointly
How do you say “to agree jointly” in Spanish?	consensuar — say it “konsensuar”
What does “viable” mean?	feasible
How do you say “feasible” in Spanish?	viable — say it “vyable”
What does “marco teórico” mean?	theoretical framework
How do you say “theoretical framework” in Spanish?	marco teórico — say it “marko teoriko”
What does “definición operativa” mean?	operational definition
How do you say “operational definition” in Spanish?	definición operativa — say it “definision operativa”
What does “muestra” mean?	sample
How do you say “sample” in Spanish?	muestra — say it “muestra”
What does “hallazgo” mean?	finding
How do you say “finding” in Spanish?	hallazgo — say it “ayasgo”
What does “correlación” mean?	correlation
How do you say “correlation” in Spanish?	correlación — say it “korrelasion”
What does “causalidad” mean?	causality
How do you say “causality” in Spanish?	causalidad — say it “kausalidad”
What does “en términos relativos” mean?	in relative terms
How do you say “in relative terms” in Spanish?	en términos relativos — say it “en terminos relativos”
What does “en otras palabras” mean?	in other words
How do you say “in other words” in Spanish?	en otras palabras — say it “en otras palabras”
What does “contribuir a” mean?	to contribute to
How do you say “to contribute to” in Spanish?	contribuir a — say it “kohn-tree-BWEER ah”
What does “podría explicar” mean?	could explain
How do you say “could explain” in Spanish?	podría explicar — say it “poh-DREE-ah eks-plee-KAR”
What does “apuntar a que” mean?	to point to
How do you say “to point to” in Spanish?	apuntar a que — say it “ah-poon-TAR ah keh”
What does “bastar para” mean?	to be enough to
How do you say “to be enough to” in Spanish?	bastar para — say it “bahs-TAR PAH-rah”
What does “la correlación” mean?	correlation
How do you say “correlation” in Spanish?	la correlación — say it “lah koh-rreh-lah-SYOHN”

Pragmatics and Synthesis — 42 drills

Ask	Answer
What does “ustedes” mean?	you plural
How do you say “you plural” in Spanish?	ustedes — say it “ustedes”
What does “vosotros” mean?	you plural, mainly Spain
How do you say “you plural, mainly Spain” in Spanish?	vosotros — say it “vosotros”
What does “vos” mean?	familiar you, many American regions
How do you say “familiar you, many American regions” in Spanish?	vos — say it “vos”
What does “tratamiento” mean?	form of address
How do you say “form of address” in Spanish?	tratamiento — say it “tratamyento”
What does “coloquial” mean?	colloquial
How do you say “colloquial” in Spanish?	coloquial — say it “kolokyal”
What does “marcado” mean?	marked
How do you say “marked” in Spanish?	marcado — say it “markado”
What does “alternancia” mean?	alternation
How do you say “alternation” in Spanish?	alternancia — say it “alternansia”
What does “adecuación” mean?	appropriateness
How do you say “appropriateness” in Spanish?	adecuación — say it “adekuasion”
What does “converger” mean?	to converge
How do you say “to converge” in Spanish?	converger — say it “konverher”
What does “discrepar” mean?	to disagree
How do you say “to disagree” in Spanish?	discrepar — say it “diskrepar”
What does “alcance” mean?	scope
How do you say “scope” in Spanish?	alcance — say it “alkanse”
What does “salvedad” mean?	caveat
How do you say “caveat” in Spanish?	salvedad — say it “salvedad”
What does “divulgación” mean?	public communication
How do you say “public communication” in Spanish?	divulgación — say it “divulgasion”
What does “reformular” mean?	to reformulate
How do you say “to reformulate” in Spanish?	reformular — say it “reformular”
What does “destinatario” mean?	audience/addressee
How do you say “audience/addressee” in Spanish?	destinatario — say it “destinataryo”
What does “síntesis” mean?	synthesis
How do you say “synthesis” in Spanish?	síntesis — say it “sintesis”
What does “señalar” mean?	to point out
How do you say “to point out” in Spanish?	señalar — say it “seh-nyah-LAR”
What does “por su lado” mean?	on its side
How do you say “on its side” in Spanish?	por su lado — say it “por soo LAH-doh”
What does “coincidir en” mean?	to agree on
How do you say “to agree on” in Spanish?	coincidir en — say it “koh-een-see-DEER en”
What does “el instituto” mean?	institute
How do you say “institute” in Spanish?	el instituto — say it “el een-stee-TOO-toh”
What does “la patronal” mean?	employers' association
How do you say “employers' association” in Spanish?	la patronal — say it “lah pah-troh-NAL”

The C1 test — 10 items

The 10-item test closes Spanish C1. Answers are shown; in the course player the same test decides whether Spanish C2 unlocks.

translate into the languageInterpret cabe señalar.
Show the answer
it should be noted
translate into the languageInterpret ahora bien.
Show the answer
that said/however
translate into the languageInterpret le agradecería.
Show the answer
I would appreciate it
translate into the languageInterpret marco teórico.
Show the answer
theoretical framework
translate into the languageInterpret ustedes.
Show the answer
you plural
translate into the languageInterpret converger.
Show the answer
to converge
paragraphEvidentiality and the Subjunctive — Explain this turn’s role in the dialogue: Los datos indican una tendencia, pero no permiten constatar su causa.
Show the answer
The data indicate a trend but do not establish its cause.
guided speakingCohesion, Reference, and Reported Discourse — Produce orally: In this regard, the objection should be distinguished from the counterargument.
Show the answer
A este respecto, conviene distinguir la objeción del contraargumento.
build the argumentProfessional Diplomacy and Mitigated Requests — Build a claim, evidence, and qualification using the lesson model.
Show the answer
Podríamos aceptar la contrapropuesta siempre que se mantuviera el plazo.
choose the wordAcademic Definition and Qualified Comparison — Select the expression meaning “finding”.
1. hallazgo
2. correlación
3. causalidad
Show the answer
hallazgo

Spanish C1 beyond the drills — culture, reading, listening, idioms

These sections are written for Spanish C1 specifically. The reading text is EkGuru's own; the culture note cites where its facts come from; the idioms and the mistakes list are the ones this level actually trips over.

Culture note

Spanish bureaucratic prose runs on the passive-reflexive and on nominalisation: «se procederá a la revisión de las solicitudes presentadas en plazo». It is not decoration; it is how the administration compresses a procedure into something that can be referenced later. C1 is the level where you learn to read it without parsing twice — and to rewrite it as a sentence with a subject when a human has to act on it.

Source (named, not linked): en.wikipedia.org, the article “Spanish grammar”.

Reading — read this aloud, slowly

«Se procederá a la revisión de las solicitudes presentadas en plazo», dice la resolución. La frase contiene dos acciones dentro de dos sustantivos y ningún responsable. Quien la traduce a lenguaje claro escribe: «Vamos a revisar las solicitudes que llegaron a tiempo.» El mismo contenido, un tercio de las palabras y un sujeto. Esa traducción es el trabajo de C1.

What it says: 'The review of applications submitted on time will be proceeded with,' says the resolution. The sentence contains two actions inside two nouns and no one responsible. Anyone who translates it into plain language writes: 'We are going to review the applications that arrived on time.' The same content, a third of the words and a subject. That translation is the work of C1.

Listening — one voice, one text

Use the speaker button to hear this text with a browser voice tagged es-ES; playback starts only after a click. If no matching voice is installed, read it aloud yourself — the rhythm is the point.

Funcionario: Se denegó la solicitud porque no se aportó la documentación.<br>Ciudadana: ¿Puede decirlo de otra manera?<br>Funcionario: Sí: faltaba un papel y por eso no la aceptamos.<br>Ciudadana: Gracias — así se entiende.

What it says: Officer: The application was refused because the documentation was not provided. Citizen: Can you say it another way? Officer: Yes: a paper was missing and that is why we did not accept it. Citizen: Thanks — that way it is understandable.

10 idioms and fixed phrases

Idiom	Word for word	What it means
A grandes rasgos	at large strokes	broadly speaking
En aras de	in the interests of	for the sake of
Sentar precedente	to set precedent	to set a precedent
A la vista de	in view of	in view of
No obstante	not obstructing	nevertheless
En su caso	in its case	where applicable
De cara a	facing	with a view to
De ahí que	from there that	hence
Cabe señalar	it fits to point out	it should be noted
A efectos de	to the effects of	for the purposes of

The 3 mistakes this level makes

Se procederá a revisar las solicitudes, y se procederá a decidir después. → Se revisarán las solicitudes y se decidirá después. Two nominalisations of the same verb are a draft problem, not a register.
El informe fue redactado por mí mismo ayer por la tarde. → El informe lo redacté yo ayer por la tarde. Spanish turns a stiff passive into an active sentence with a pronoun.
Cabe señalar que es necesario que se debe de revisar. → Cabe señalar que conviene revisarlo. Stacked periphrases; one modal is enough.

Your task

Un-nominalise one paragraph Find one paragraph of Spanish administrative or academic prose — a form letter, a handbook page, an abstract — and rewrite it twice: once with the verbs restored and one subject per sentence, once for a reader who has ninety seconds. Then put the original and both versions side by side and mark the nouns that turned back into verbs. That list is the C1 vocabulary.

After C1: the C1+ checkpoint

C1+ is not a certificate — it is the half-step between Spanish C1 and the next level, and it is on this site’s ladder because language schools use it. You are at C1+ when you can write for work, translate, teach a beginner. Get there by working the recall drills above and the review deck until nothing on this page surprises you, then open the C2 pages.

Keep going

Practice labQuiz, typing, worksheets and conversation scenarios for Spanish.Open the labs

Topic quizMultiple-choice questions from this course, with explanations.Take the quiz

Review deckThe core words ticked off until they stick.Open the deck

Course pagesThis language’s own pages — alphabet, lessons and starter pack.Open the course

All levelsThe ladder for Spanish: six levels and the half-steps between them.See every level

Play this levelKeeps score and unlocks the next level on this device.Open the player

Your device-only learning tools

Optional JavaScript tools. Completion is a self-report, not a proficiency certificate. Only a bounded same-origin file list is downloaded; audio may need an installed voice.

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