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French C2 — French C2 Advanced Mastery

Written by: authorship not independently recorded. Maintained by Prakash. Reviewed by: not recorded. Updated: 2026-10-05. Editorial policy and corrections.

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The whole French C2 level as one readable page: 3 units, 9 lessons, 63 words, 289 questions with every answer shown, a worksheet and a 10-item level test. Nothing here is behind JavaScript, and nothing needs an account.

Who this level is for. C2 is one of the six CEFR levels and the C2 rung on this site’s ladder: the learner in the picture is an elder, because on this site age is the rung — the same learner grows up the ladder as the language grows. By the end of it you can poetry, law, humour, and the mistake that sounds foreign.

An elder learning French at level C2 (elder) — C2 — on the ladder this level is an elder, age 78: by the end of it the learner can poetry, law, humour, and the mistake that sounds foreign. The same figure is on the course hub and in how the eleven rungs work.

What you can do when C2 is finished

Control advanced discourse and register.
Synthesize and mediate complex information.
Produce precise professional and academic language.

C2, unit by unit

Semantic and Viewpoint Precision

Portée, présupposition et implicite

Distinguer contenu posé, présupposé et implicature grâce à la portée et au choix lexical.

Word	Say it	Meaning
seulement	sœl-mɑ̃	only
précisément	pre-si-ze-mɑ̃	precisely
même	mɛm	even
présupposé	pre-sy-po-ze	presupposition
implicature	ɛ̃-pli-ka-tyr	implicature
portée	por-te	scope
entraîner	ɑ̃-trɛ-ne	to entail
écarter	e-kar-te	to rule out

Focalisation et portée

Même, ne…que, seulement et précisément sélectionnent des alternatives différentes. Leur position modifie la portée et donc l’interprétation.

constituant focalisé + même/seulement/précisément

Word	Say it	Meaning
Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel.	lə pro-blɛm nɛ pa sœl-mɑ̃ byd-ʒe-tɛr mɛ o-si ɛ̃s-ti-ty-sjɔ-nɛl	The problem is not only budgetary but also institutional.
C’est précisément l’absence de concertation qui a suscité le rejet.	sɛ pre-si-ze-mɑ̃ lap-sɑ̃s də kɔ̃-sɛr-ta-sjɔ̃ ki a sys-si-te lə rə-ʒɛ	It was precisely the lack of consultation that caused rejection.
Le fait qu’elle ait protesté de nouveau présuppose un précédent.	lə fɛ kɛl ɛ pro-tɛs-te də nu-vo pre-sy-poz œ̃ pre-se-dɑ̃	The fact that she protested again presupposes a precedent.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analyste	Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel.	lə pro-blɛm nɛ pa sœl-mɑ̃ byd-ʒe-tɛr mɛ o-si ɛ̃s-ti-ty-sjɔ-nɛl	The problem is not only budgetary but also institutional.
Rédacteur	C’est précisément l’absence de concertation qui a suscité le rejet.	sɛ pre-si-ze-mɑ̃ lap-sɑ̃s də kɔ̃-sɛr-ta-sjɔ̃ ki a sys-si-te lə rə-ʒɛ	It was precisely the lack of consultation that caused rejection.
Collègue	Le fait qu’elle ait protesté de nouveau présuppose un précédent.	lə fɛ kɛl ɛ pro-tɛs-te də nu-vo pre-sy-poz œ̃ pre-se-dɑ̃	The fact that she protested again presupposes a precedent.
Président	Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel.	lə pro-blɛm nɛ pa sœl-mɑ̃ byd-ʒe-tɛr mɛ o-si ɛ̃s-ti-ty-sjɔ-nɛl	The problem is not only budgetary but also institutional.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this French practice tests. multiple choice, fill in the blank, translation, reverse translation, matching, reorder, sentence building, word selection, error correction, dialogue completion, reading comprehension, paragraph comprehension.

multiple choicePortée, présupposition et implicite — Choose the meaning of seulement.
1. only
2. precisely
3. even
Show the answer
only
fill the gapPortée, présupposition et implicite — Produce the target form for “precisely”.
Show the answer
précisément
translatePortée, présupposition et implicite — Interpret même (mɛm).
Show the answer
even
translate into the languagePortée, présupposition et implicite — Translate into the target language: presupposition.
Show the answer
présupposé
matchingPortée, présupposition et implicite — Match implicature to its contextual meaning.
1. implicature
2. scope
3. to entail
Show the answer
implicature
put it in orderPortée, présupposition et implicite — Rebuild: The fact that she protested again presupposes a precedent.
Show the answer
Le fait qu’elle ait protesté de nouveau présuppose un précédent.
build the sentencePortée, présupposition et implicite — Build the model sentence for: The problem is not only budgetary but also institutional.
Show the answer
Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel.
choose the wordPortée, présupposition et implicite — Select the expression meaning “to rule out”.
1. écarter
2. seulement
3. précisément
Show the answer
écarter
find the mistakePortée, présupposition et implicite — Replace an inaccurate rendering with the lesson model: The fact that she protested again presupposes a precedent.
Show the answer
Le fait qu’elle ait protesté de nouveau présuppose un précédent.
finish the dialoguePortée, présupposition et implicite — Complete the turn meaning: It was precisely the lack of consultation that caused rejection.
Show the answer
Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel.
readingPortée, présupposition et implicite — Read Le fait qu’elle ait protesté de nouveau présuppose un précédent.. State its precise meaning.
Show the answer
The fact that she protested again presupposes a precedent.
paragraphPortée, présupposition et implicite — Explain this turn’s role in the dialogue: Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel.
Show the answer
The problem is not only budgetary but also institutional.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits seulement?
1. only
2. precisely
3. even
4. presupposition
Show the answer
only
seulement means only in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits précisément?
1. precisely
2. even
3. presupposition
4. implicature
Show the answer
precisely
précisément means precisely in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits même?
1. even
2. presupposition
3. implicature
4. scope
Show the answer
even
même means even in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits présupposé?
1. presupposition
2. implicature
3. scope
4. to entail
Show the answer
presupposition
présupposé means presupposition in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits implicature?
1. implicature
2. scope
3. to entail
4. to rule out
Show the answer
implicature
implicature means implicature in this lesson.

Worksheet: Portée, présupposition et implicite Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	seulement précisément	only precisely
Translate while preserving stance.	Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel. C’est précisément l’absence de concertation qui a suscité le rejet.	The problem is not only budgetary but also institutional. It was precisely the lack of consultation that caused rejection.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	The problem is not only budgetary but also institutional. The fact that she protested again presupposes a precedent.	Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel. Le fait qu’elle ait protesté de nouveau présuppose un précédent.

Review list. seulement · précisément · même · présupposé

Point de vue contrefactuel

Exprimer responsabilité, regret et distance médiatique par des formes temporelles et modales fines.

Word	Say it	Meaning
eût-il fallu	y-til fa-ly	had it been necessary
aurait pu	o-rɛ py	could have
se serait avéré	sə sə-rɛ a-ve-re	would have proved
conjecture	kɔ̃-ʒɛk-tyr	conjecture
distance	dis-tɑ̃s	distance
contrefactuel	kɔ̃tr fak-ty-ɛl	counterfactual
regret	rə-grɛ	regret
responsabilité	rɛs-pɔ̃-sa-bi-li-te	responsibility

Irréel du passé et conditionnel journalistique

Si plus-que-parfait plus conditionnel passé construit un passé irréel. Le conditionnel peut aussi signaler une information rapportée non confirmée.

si + plus-que-parfait, conditionnel passé

Word	Say it	Meaning
Si la consultation avait eu lieu plus tôt, une partie du conflit aurait été évitée.	si la kɔ̃-syl-ta-sjɔ̃ a-vɛ y ljø ply to yn par-ti dy kɔ̃-fli o-rɛ e-te e-vi-te	If consultation had occurred earlier, part of the conflict would have been avoided.
Eût-il fallu renoncer, encore aurait-il fallu l’expliquer.	y-til fa-ly rə-nɔ̃-se ɑ̃-kor o-rɛ-til fa-ly lɛks-pli-ke	Even if withdrawal had been necessary, it would still have required explanation.
Le ministre aurait reçu le rapport, selon des sources non confirmées.	lə mi-nistr o-rɛ rə-sy lə ra-por sə-lɔ̃ de surs nɔ̃ kɔ̃-fir-me	The minister reportedly received the report, according to unconfirmed sources.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analyste	Si la consultation avait eu lieu plus tôt, une partie du conflit aurait été évitée.	si la kɔ̃-syl-ta-sjɔ̃ a-vɛ y ljø ply to yn par-ti dy kɔ̃-fli o-rɛ e-te e-vi-te	If consultation had occurred earlier, part of the conflict would have been avoided.
Rédacteur	Eût-il fallu renoncer, encore aurait-il fallu l’expliquer.	y-til fa-ly rə-nɔ̃-se ɑ̃-kor o-rɛ-til fa-ly lɛks-pli-ke	Even if withdrawal had been necessary, it would still have required explanation.
Collègue	Le ministre aurait reçu le rapport, selon des sources non confirmées.	lə mi-nistr o-rɛ rə-sy lə ra-por sə-lɔ̃ de surs nɔ̃ kɔ̃-fir-me	The minister reportedly received the report, according to unconfirmed sources.
Président	Si la consultation avait eu lieu plus tôt, une partie du conflit aurait été évitée.	si la kɔ̃-syl-ta-sjɔ̃ a-vɛ y ljø ply to yn par-ti dy kɔ̃-fli o-rɛ e-te e-vi-te	If consultation had occurred earlier, part of the conflict would have been avoided.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this French practice tests. main idea, detail identification, inference, listening comprehension, dictation, listen and choose, listen and reorder, listen and fill, repeat after audio, pronunciation, shadowing, guided speaking.

the main ideaPoint de vue contrefactuel — State the central aim of this lesson.
Show the answer
Exprimer responsabilité, regret et distance médiatique par des formes temporelles et modales fines.
spot the detailPoint de vue contrefactuel — Identify the exact detail in Eût-il fallu renoncer, encore aurait-il fallu l’expliquer..
Show the answer
Even if withdrawal had been necessary, it would still have required explanation.
what is meantPoint de vue contrefactuel — Infer the qualified meaning of Le ministre aurait reçu le rapport, selon des sources non confirmées..
Show the answer
Le ministre aurait reçu le rapport, selon des sources non confirmées.
listeningPoint de vue contrefactuel — Play the synthetic audio and state its meaning.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
If consultation had occurred earlier, part of the conflict would have been avoided.
dictationPoint de vue contrefactuel — Play the synthetic audio and type the target-language line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Eût-il fallu renoncer, encore aurait-il fallu l’expliquer.
listen and choosePoint de vue contrefactuel — Play the synthetic audio and choose its meaning.
1. Even if withdrawal had been necessary, it would still have required explanation.
2. regret
3. responsibility
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Even if withdrawal had been necessary, it would still have required explanation.
listen, then orderPoint de vue contrefactuel — Play the synthetic audio and rebuild the line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Si la consultation avait eu lieu plus tôt, une partie du conflit aurait été évitée.
listen and fillPoint de vue contrefactuel — Play the synthetic audio and complete the line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Eût-il fallu renoncer, encore aurait-il fallu l’expliquer.
repeat itPoint de vue contrefactuel — Repeat the synthetic model; self-check only.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Le ministre aurait reçu le rapport, selon des sources non confirmées.
pronunciationPoint de vue contrefactuel — Practise aurait pu (o-rɛ py); self-check only.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
aurait pu
shadow the audioPoint de vue contrefactuel — Shadow the synthetic model with its discourse rhythm.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Eût-il fallu renoncer, encore aurait-il fallu l’expliquer.
guided speakingPoint de vue contrefactuel — Produce orally: The minister reportedly received the report, according to unconfirmed sources.
Show the answer
Le ministre aurait reçu le rapport, selon des sources non confirmées.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits eût-il fallu?
1. had it been necessary
2. could have
3. would have proved
4. conjecture
Show the answer
had it been necessary
eût-il fallu means had it been necessary in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits aurait pu?
1. could have
2. would have proved
3. conjecture
4. distance
Show the answer
could have
aurait pu means could have in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits se serait avéré?
1. would have proved
2. conjecture
3. distance
4. counterfactual
Show the answer
would have proved
se serait avéré means would have proved in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits conjecture?
1. conjecture
2. distance
3. counterfactual
4. regret
Show the answer
conjecture
conjecture means conjecture in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits distance?
1. distance
2. counterfactual
3. regret
4. responsibility
Show the answer
distance
distance means distance in this lesson.

Worksheet: Point de vue contrefactuel Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	eût-il fallu aurait pu	had it been necessary could have
Translate while preserving stance.	Si la consultation avait eu lieu plus tôt, une partie du conflit aurait été évitée. Eût-il fallu renoncer, encore aurait-il fallu l’expliquer.	If consultation had occurred earlier, part of the conflict would have been avoided. Even if withdrawal had been necessary, it would still have required explanation.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	If consultation had occurred earlier, part of the conflict would have been avoided. The minister reportedly received the report, according to unconfirmed sources.	Si la consultation avait eu lieu plus tôt, une partie du conflit aurait été évitée. Le ministre aurait reçu le rapport, selon des sources non confirmées.

Review list. eût-il fallu · aurait pu · se serait avéré · conjecture

Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase

Free indirect discourse fuses narrator and character: « Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ? La ville était trop chère, et puis il y avait le travail. » No quotation marks, no reporting verb — the questions and the collocations carry the character's voice.

Word	Say it	Meaning
l'hésitation	lay-zee-tah-SYOH(N)	hesitation
la voix	lah VWAH	voice
le narrateur	luh nah-rah-TUHR	narrator
le point de vue	luh pwa(n) duh VÜ	point of view
sans guillemets	sah(n) gee-YEH	without quotation marks

Free indirect style

Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ? La ville était trop chère, et puis il y avait le travail. The narrative tense stays (imparfait), but the questions and « et puis » are the character's, not the narrator's.

no reporting verb · character's questions and vocabulary · tense shifted one step back

Word	Say it	Meaning
Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ?	eel ay-zee-TAY. par-TEER ? res-TAY ?	He hesitated. Leave? Stay?
La ville était trop chère.	lah VEEL ay-TAY troh SHEHR.	The city was too expensive.
Et puis il y avait le travail.	ay pwee eel yah-VAY luh trah-VAHY.	And then there was the job.

Watch out:

Il hésitait et il pensait : « partir ou rester ? » (with quotes). → Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ? The free form drops the quotation marks and the reporting verb.
Il hésite. Partir ? Rester ? (in a past narrative). → Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ? The narrative tense stays in the past.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Rédacteur	Cette phrase, c'est vous ou lui ?	set FREZ, say voo oo LWEE ?	That sentence — is it you or him?
Auteur	C'est lui. Sans guillemets, c'est le discours indirect libre.	say LWEE. sah(n) gee-YEH, say luh dees-KOOR a(n)-dee-REKT LEEBR.	It's him. Without quotation marks, it's free indirect discourse.
Rédacteur	Et le lecteur ne se perd pas ?	ay luh lek-TUHR nuh suh PAIR pah ?	And the reader doesn't get lost?
Auteur	Si le vocabulaire est à lui, non. « Et puis » signale sa voix.	see luh voh-kah-bü-LEHR ay tah LWEE, noh(n). ay pwee see-NYAL sah VWAH.	If the vocabulary is his, no. 'And then' signals his voice.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this French practice tests. French. Every exercise works on grammatical gender and agreement, the passé composé/imparfait split, the two registers of tu and vous, and the nasal vowels that make liaison audible.

multiple choicePractice 1: [multiple choice] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Choose the meaning of l'hésitation (lay-zee-tah-SYOH(N)) in this lesson.
1. hesitation
2. voice
3. narrator
4. point of view
Show the answer
hesitation
fill the gapPractice 2: [fill in the blank] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Type the French expression meaning “voice”.
Show the answer
la voix
translatePractice 3: [translation] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Interpret the Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « ») in context: Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ? (eel ay-zee-TAY. par-TEER ? res-TAY ?).
Show the answer
He hesitated. Leave? Stay?
translate into the languagePractice 4: [reverse translation] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Write in Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « »): The city was too expensive..
Show the answer
La ville était trop chère.
matchingPractice 5: [matching] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Match le narrateur to its lesson meaning.
1. narrator
2. hesitation
3. voice
Show the answer
narrator
put it in orderPractice 6: [reorder] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Reconstruct the lesson model in coherent French: And then there was the job..
Show the answer
Et puis il y avait le travail.
build the sentencePractice 7: [sentence building] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Build the sentence with the lesson pattern (no reporting verb · character's questions and vocabulary · tense shifted one step back): He hesitated. Leave? Stay?.
Show the answer
Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ?
choose the wordPractice 8: [word selection] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Select the French form for “point of view”.
1. le point de vue
2. sans guillemets
Show the answer
le point de vue
find the mistakePractice 9: [error correction] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Correct the model the lesson warns about: Il hésitait et il pensait : « partir ou rester ? » (with quotes).
Show the answer
Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ?
finish the dialoguePractice 10: [dialogue completion] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Complete the exchange with the studied response to: That sentence — is it you or him?
Show the answer
C'est lui. Sans guillemets, c'est le discours indirect libre.
readingPractice 11: [reading comprehension] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Read “Et le lecteur ne se perd pas ?” (ay luh lek-TUHR nuh suh PAIR pah ?). What does it mean?
Show the answer
And the reader doesn't get lost?
paragraphPractice 12: [paragraph comprehension] Le discours indirect libre : deux voix dans une phrase — Read the lesson dialogue as a whole and give its key move: If the vocabulary is his, no. 'And then' signals his voice.
Show the answer
Si le vocabulaire est à lui, non. « Et puis » signale sa voix.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits l'hésitation?
1. hesitation
2. voice
3. narrator
4. point of view
Show the answer
hesitation
l'hésitation (lay-zee-tah-SYOH(N)) means hesitation in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits la voix?
1. voice
2. hesitation
3. narrator
4. point of view
Show the answer
voice
la voix (lah VWAH) means voice in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits le narrateur?
1. narrator
2. hesitation
3. voice
4. point of view
Show the answer
narrator
le narrateur (luh nah-rah-TUHR) means narrator in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits le point de vue?
1. point of view
2. hesitation
3. voice
4. narrator
Show the answer
point of view
le point de vue (luh pwa(n) duh VÜ) means point of view in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits sans guillemets?
1. without quotation marks
2. hesitation
3. voice
4. narrator
Show the answer
without quotation marks
sans guillemets (sah(n) gee-YEH) means without quotation marks in this lesson.

Worksheet: Free indirect worksheet

Task	Prompts	Key
Turn the quotation into free indirect style.	He said: ‘Should I leave?' She thought: ‘The city is too expensive.'	Il hésitait. Partir ? Elle songeait. La ville était trop chère.
Mark the character's voice.	without quotation marks the narrator's point of view	sans guillemets le point de vue du narrateur
Integrated offline practice: read the first model, transform or extend it in Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « »), then rehearse it as a dialogue. Self-check meaning, grammar, and register.	Il hésitait. Partir ? Rester ? Cette phrase, c'est vous ou lui ?	He hesitated. Leave? Stay? That sentence — is it you or him?

Review list. l'hésitation · la voix · le narrateur · le point de vue

Rhetoric and Genre Mastery

Rhétorique, ironie et persuasion

Analyser le cadrage rhétorique et répondre loyalement au meilleur contre-argument.

Word	Say it	Meaning
cadrage	ka-draʒ	framing
concession	kɔ̃-sɛ-sjɔ̃	concession
réfutation	re-fy-ta-sjɔ̃	refutation
sophisme	so-fism	fallacy
ironie	i-ro-ni	irony
biais	bjɛ	bias
pondérer	pɔ̃-de-re	to weigh
persuasif	pɛr-sɥa-zif	persuasive

Architecture persuasive

La concession peut renforcer l’ethos; l’ironie exige un décalage contextuel. Une persuasion responsable sépare preuve, raisonnement et jugement de valeur.

objection loyale → concession → réfutation → proposition

Word	Say it	Meaning
Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse.	kɔ̃-se-de yn li-mit nə rə-vjɛ̃ pa a a-bɑ̃-do-ne la tɛz	Conceding a limitation does not mean abandoning the thesis.
L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.	le-loʒ də-vjɛ̃ i-ro-nik par-skil kɔ̃-trə-di tu le fɛ ra-por-te	The praise becomes ironic because it contradicts all reported facts.
Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse.	yn re-fy-ta-sjɔ̃ so-lid re-pɔ̃ a la mɛ-jœr vɛr-sjɔ̃ də lar-gy-mɑ̃ ad-vɛrs	A sound refutation answers the strongest version of the opposing argument.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analyste	Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse.	kɔ̃-se-de yn li-mit nə rə-vjɛ̃ pa a a-bɑ̃-do-ne la tɛz	Conceding a limitation does not mean abandoning the thesis.
Rédacteur	L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.	le-loʒ də-vjɛ̃ i-ro-nik par-skil kɔ̃-trə-di tu le fɛ ra-por-te	The praise becomes ironic because it contradicts all reported facts.
Collègue	Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse.	yn re-fy-ta-sjɔ̃ so-lid re-pɔ̃ a la mɛ-jœr vɛr-sjɔ̃ də lar-gy-mɑ̃ ad-vɛrs	A sound refutation answers the strongest version of the opposing argument.
Président	Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse.	kɔ̃-se-de yn li-mit nə rə-vjɛ̃ pa a a-bɑ̃-do-ne la tɛz	Conceding a limitation does not mean abandoning the thesis.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this French practice tests. free response, roleplay, sentence writing, short writing, paraphrase, summary, guided composition, register transformation, tone identification, semantic distinction, contextual meaning, argument construction.

answer in your own wordsRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Give a new spoken response using this lesson’s distinction.
Show the answer
Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse.
role playRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Role-play the turn: The praise becomes ironic because it contradicts all reported facts.
Show the answer
L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.
write a sentenceRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Write one sentence using réfutation.
Show the answer
Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse.
short writingRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Write two linked sentences using the lesson pattern.
Show the answer
Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse.
say it another wayRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Paraphrase without changing stance: L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.
Show the answer
L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.
summariseRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Summarize the dialogue in one target-language sentence.
Show the answer
Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse.
guided compositionRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Compose a short response using the grammar pattern.
Show the answer
Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse.
change the registerRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Recast for a different register: L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.
Show the answer
L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.
read the toneRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Identify the tone of Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse..
Show the answer
Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse.
which one fitsRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Explain the exact meaning of concession versus the next lesson term.
Show the answer
Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse.
meaning in contextRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Explain the contextual force of réfutation.
Show the answer
L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.
build the argumentRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Build a claim, evidence, and qualification using the lesson model.
Show the answer
Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits cadrage?
1. framing
2. concession
3. refutation
4. fallacy
Show the answer
framing
cadrage means framing in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits concession?
1. concession
2. refutation
3. fallacy
4. irony
Show the answer
concession
concession means concession in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits réfutation?
1. refutation
2. fallacy
3. irony
4. bias
Show the answer
refutation
réfutation means refutation in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits sophisme?
1. fallacy
2. irony
3. bias
4. to weigh
Show the answer
fallacy
sophisme means fallacy in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits ironie?
1. irony
2. bias
3. to weigh
4. persuasive
Show the answer
irony
ironie means irony in this lesson.

Worksheet: Rhétorique, ironie et persuasion Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	cadrage concession	framing concession
Translate while preserving stance.	Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse. L’éloge devient ironique parce qu’il contredit tous les faits rapportés.	Conceding a limitation does not mean abandoning the thesis. The praise becomes ironic because it contradicts all reported facts.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	Conceding a limitation does not mean abandoning the thesis. A sound refutation answers the strongest version of the opposing argument.	Concéder une limite ne revient pas à abandonner la thèse. Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse.

Review list. cadrage · concession · réfutation · sophisme

Précision juridique et éditoriale

Réviser la modalité, l’agentivité et la force normative dans les genres institutionnels.

Word	Say it	Meaning
contraignant	kɔ̃-trɛ-ɲɑ̃	binding
facultatif	fa-kyl-ta-tif	optional
manquement	mɑ̃k-mɑ̃	breach/non-compliance
sans préjudice de	sɑ̃ pre-ʒy-dis də	without prejudice to
être tenu de	ɛtr tə-ny də	to be required to
ambiguïté	ɑ̃-bi-gy-i-te	ambiguity
garantie	ga-rɑ̃-ti	safeguard
motiver	mo-ti-ve	to give reasons for

Modalité déontique

Devoir, pouvoir, être tenu de et il convient de n’ont pas la même force. La révision doit nommer le responsable et distinguer obligation, faculté et recommandation.

acteur + force modale + action + condition

Word	Say it	Meaning
L’avis n’est pas contraignant, mais tout refus devra être motivé.	la-vi nɛ pa kɔ̃-trɛ-ɲɑ̃ mɛ tu rə-fy də-vra ɛtr mo-ti-ve	The opinion is not binding, but any refusal must be reasoned.
L’organisme est tenu de publier les critères appliqués.	lor-ga-nism ɛ tə-ny də py-bli-e le kri-tɛr a-pli-ke	The body is required to publish the criteria applied.
La révision a levé l’ambiguïté quant à l’acteur responsable.	la re-vi-zjɔ̃ a lə-ve lɑ̃-bi-gy-i-te kɑ̃ a lak-tœr rɛs-pɔ̃-sabl	The revision removed the ambiguity about the responsible actor.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analyste	L’avis n’est pas contraignant, mais tout refus devra être motivé.	la-vi nɛ pa kɔ̃-trɛ-ɲɑ̃ mɛ tu rə-fy də-vra ɛtr mo-ti-ve	The opinion is not binding, but any refusal must be reasoned.
Rédacteur	L’organisme est tenu de publier les critères appliqués.	lor-ga-nism ɛ tə-ny də py-bli-e le kri-tɛr a-pli-ke	The body is required to publish the criteria applied.
Collègue	La révision a levé l’ambiguïté quant à l’acteur responsable.	la re-vi-zjɔ̃ a lə-ve lɑ̃-bi-gy-i-te kɑ̃ a lak-tœr rɛs-pɔ̃-sabl	The revision removed the ambiguity about the responsible actor.
Président	L’avis n’est pas contraignant, mais tout refus devra être motivé.	la-vi nɛ pa kɔ̃-trɛ-ɲɑ̃ mɛ tu rə-fy də-vra ɛtr mo-ti-ve	The opinion is not binding, but any refusal must be reasoned.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this French practice tests. discourse ordering, style rewriting, idiom interpretation, implied meaning, multiple choice, fill in the blank, translation, reverse translation, matching, reorder, sentence building, word selection.

order the textPrécision juridique et éditoriale — Order context, claim, evidence, and consequence.
Show the answer
context → claim → evidence → consequence
rewrite the stylePrécision juridique et éditoriale — Rewrite in the lesson’s target style: The body is required to publish the criteria applied.
Show the answer
L’organisme est tenu de publier les critères appliqués.
explain the idiomPrécision juridique et éditoriale — Interpret manquement contextually, noting if it is not idiomatic.
Show the answer
breach/non-compliance
read between the linesPrécision juridique et éditoriale — State what is implied by L’avis n’est pas contraignant, mais tout refus devra être motivé..
Show the answer
L’avis n’est pas contraignant, mais tout refus devra être motivé.
multiple choicePrécision juridique et éditoriale — Choose the meaning of être tenu de.
1. to be required to
2. ambiguity
3. safeguard
Show the answer
to be required to
fill the gapPrécision juridique et éditoriale — Produce the target form for “ambiguity”.
Show the answer
ambiguïté
translatePrécision juridique et éditoriale — Interpret garantie (ga-rɑ̃-ti).
Show the answer
safeguard
translate into the languagePrécision juridique et éditoriale — Translate into the target language: to give reasons for.
Show the answer
motiver
matchingPrécision juridique et éditoriale — Match contraignant to its contextual meaning.
1. binding
2. optional
3. breach/non-compliance
Show the answer
binding
put it in orderPrécision juridique et éditoriale — Rebuild: The opinion is not binding, but any refusal must be reasoned.
Show the answer
L’avis n’est pas contraignant, mais tout refus devra être motivé.
build the sentencePrécision juridique et éditoriale — Build the model sentence for: The body is required to publish the criteria applied.
Show the answer
L’organisme est tenu de publier les critères appliqués.
choose the wordPrécision juridique et éditoriale — Select the expression meaning “without prejudice to”.
1. sans préjudice de
2. être tenu de
3. ambiguïté
Show the answer
sans préjudice de

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits contraignant?
1. binding
2. optional
3. breach/non-compliance
4. without prejudice to
Show the answer
binding
contraignant means binding in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits facultatif?
1. optional
2. breach/non-compliance
3. without prejudice to
4. to be required to
Show the answer
optional
facultatif means optional in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits manquement?
1. breach/non-compliance
2. without prejudice to
3. to be required to
4. ambiguity
Show the answer
breach/non-compliance
manquement means breach/non-compliance in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits sans préjudice de?
1. without prejudice to
2. to be required to
3. ambiguity
4. safeguard
Show the answer
without prejudice to
sans préjudice de means without prejudice to in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits être tenu de?
1. to be required to
2. ambiguity
3. safeguard
4. to give reasons for
Show the answer
to be required to
être tenu de means to be required to in this lesson.

Worksheet: Précision juridique et éditoriale Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	contraignant facultatif	binding optional
Translate while preserving stance.	L’avis n’est pas contraignant, mais tout refus devra être motivé. L’organisme est tenu de publier les critères appliqués.	The opinion is not binding, but any refusal must be reasoned. The body is required to publish the criteria applied.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	The opinion is not binding, but any refusal must be reasoned. The revision removed the ambiguity about the responsible actor.	L’avis n’est pas contraignant, mais tout refus devra être motivé. La révision a levé l’ambiguïté quant à l’acteur responsable.

Review list. contraignant · facultatif · manquement · sans préjudice de

La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure

Legal precision is spoken as three moves: DÉFINIR (what the term covers), DÉLIMITER (where it stops), EXCLURE (what it does not cover). « Au sens du présent texte … »

Word	Say it	Meaning
au sens de	oh SAH(N)S duh	within the meaning of
délimiter	day-lee-mee-TAY	to delimit
exclure	eks-KLÜR	to exclude
le champ d'application	luh shah(n) dah-plee-kah-SYOH(N)	scope
nonobstant	noh-nob-STAH(N)	notwithstanding

Legal precision

Au sens du présent texte, le délai court à compter de la notification. Sont exclus les cas de force majeure, nonobstant toute clause contraire. Define, delimit, exclude — in that order, in one breath.

au sens du présent texte … · le champ d'application couvre … · sont exclus … · nonobstant …

Word	Say it	Meaning
Au sens du présent texte, le délai court à compter de la notification.	oh SAH(N)S dü pray-zah(n) TEKST, luh day-LAY koor ah koh(n)t-TAY duh lah noh-tee-fee-kah-SYOH(N).	Within the meaning of this text, the period runs from notification.
Sont exclus les cas de force majeure.	so(n) teks-KLÜ lay kah duh fors mah-ZHÜR.	Cases of force majeure are excluded.
Nonobstant toute clause contraire.	noh-nob-STAH(N) toot KLOHZ koh(n)-TREHR.	Notwithstanding any clause to the contrary.

Watch out:

Le délai, c'est-à-dire environ un mois, nonobstant. → Le délai court à compter de la notification. Legal speech defines the start; the approximate duration comes later.
Sont exclus peut-être les cas de force majeure. → Sont exclus les cas de force majeure. The exclusion is categorical, never hedged.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Collègue	Quand commence le délai ?	kah(n) koh-MAH(N)S luh day-LAY ?	When does the period start?
Analyste	Au sens du présent texte, il court à compter de la notification.	oh SAH(N)S dü pray-zah(n) TEKST, eel koor ah koh(n)t-TAY duh lah noh-tee-fee-kah-SYOH(N).	Within the meaning of this text, it runs from notification.
Collègue	Et les retards de l'administration ?	ay lay ruh-TAR duh lah-dmee-nees-trah-SYOH(N) ?	And administrative delays?
Analyste	Sont exclus les cas de force majeure, nonobstant toute clause contraire.	so(n) teks-KLÜ lay kah duh fors mah-ZHÜR, noh-nob-STAH(N) toot KLOHZ koh(n)-TREHR.	Cases of force majeure are excluded, notwithstanding any clause to the contrary.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

multiple choicePractice 1: [multiple choice] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Choose the meaning of au sens de (oh SAH(N)S duh) in this lesson.
1. within the meaning of
2. to delimit
3. to exclude
4. scope
Show the answer
within the meaning of
fill the gapPractice 2: [fill in the blank] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Type the French expression meaning “to delimit”.
Show the answer
délimiter
translatePractice 3: [translation] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Interpret the Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « ») in context: Au sens du présent texte, le délai court à compter de la notification. (oh SAH(N)S dü pray-zah(n) TEKST, luh day-LAY koor ah koh(n)t-TAY duh lah noh-tee-fee-kah-SYOH(N).).
Show the answer
Within the meaning of this text, the period runs from notification.
translate into the languagePractice 4: [reverse translation] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Write in Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « »): Cases of force majeure are excluded..
Show the answer
Sont exclus les cas de force majeure.
matchingPractice 5: [matching] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Match exclure to its lesson meaning.
1. to exclude
2. within the meaning of
3. to delimit
Show the answer
to exclude
put it in orderPractice 6: [reorder] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Reconstruct the lesson model in coherent French: Notwithstanding any clause to the contrary..
Show the answer
Nonobstant toute clause contraire.
build the sentencePractice 7: [sentence building] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Build the sentence with the lesson pattern (au sens du présent texte … · le champ d'application couvre … · sont exclus … · nonobstant …): Within the meaning of this text, the period runs from notification..
Show the answer
Au sens du présent texte, le délai court à compter de la notification.
choose the wordPractice 8: [word selection] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Select the French form for “scope”.
1. le champ d'application
2. nonobstant
Show the answer
le champ d'application
find the mistakePractice 9: [error correction] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Correct the model the lesson warns about: Le délai, c'est-à-dire environ un mois, nonobstant.
Show the answer
Le délai court à compter de la notification.
finish the dialoguePractice 10: [dialogue completion] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Complete the exchange with the studied response to: When does the period start?
Show the answer
Au sens du présent texte, il court à compter de la notification.
readingPractice 11: [reading comprehension] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Read “Et les retards de l'administration ?” (ay lay ruh-TAR duh lah-dmee-nees-trah-SYOH(N) ?). What does it mean?
Show the answer
And administrative delays?
paragraphPractice 12: [paragraph comprehension] La précision juridique à l'oral : définir, délimiter, exclure — Read the lesson dialogue as a whole and give its key move: Cases of force majeure are excluded, notwithstanding any clause to the contrary.
Show the answer
Sont exclus les cas de force majeure, nonobstant toute clause contraire.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits au sens de?
1. within the meaning of
2. to delimit
3. to exclude
4. scope
Show the answer
within the meaning of
au sens de (oh SAH(N)S duh) means within the meaning of in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits délimiter?
1. to delimit
2. within the meaning of
3. to exclude
4. scope
Show the answer
to delimit
délimiter (day-lee-mee-TAY) means to delimit in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits exclure?
1. to exclude
2. within the meaning of
3. to delimit
4. scope
Show the answer
to exclude
exclure (eks-KLÜR) means to exclude in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits le champ d'application?
1. scope
2. within the meaning of
3. to delimit
4. to exclude
Show the answer
scope
le champ d'application (luh shah(n) dah-plee-kah-SYOH(N)) means scope in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits nonobstant?
1. notwithstanding
2. within the meaning of
3. to delimit
4. to exclude
Show the answer
notwithstanding
nonobstant (noh-nob-STAH(N)) means notwithstanding in this lesson.

Worksheet: Legal-precision worksheet

Task	Prompts	Key
Define, delimit, exclude.	within the meaning of this text excluding force majeure notwithstanding any contrary clause	Au sens du présent texte, … Sont exclus les cas de force majeure. Nonobstant toute clause contraire.
Name the scope.	scope of application the period runs from notification	le champ d'application le délai court à compter de la notification
Integrated offline practice: read the first model, transform or extend it in Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « »), then rehearse it as a dialogue. Self-check meaning, grammar, and register.	Au sens du présent texte, le délai court à compter de la notification. Quand commence le délai ?	Within the meaning of this text, the period runs from notification. When does the period start?

Review list. au sens de · délimiter · exclure · le champ d'application

Cultural and High-Stakes Mediation

Idiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle

Interpréter l’expression figurée selon le genre et reformuler sans perdre son évaluation.

Word	Say it	Meaning
mettre le doigt sur la plaie	mɛtr lə dwa syr la plɛ	to identify the painful issue
tourner autour du pot	tur-ne o-tur dy po	to avoid the point
tenir pour acquis	tə-nir pur a-ki	to take for granted
sous-entendu	su-zɑ̃-tɑ̃-dy	implication
allusion	a-ly-zjɔ̃	allusion
ironie pince-sans-rire	i-ro-ni pɛ̃s sɑ̃ rir	deadpan irony
proverbe	pro-vɛrb	proverb
subtexte	syb-tɛkst	subtext

Inférence figurative

Une locution conventionnelle ne se traduit pas mot à mot. Une interprétation défendable cite le cotexte, le genre, la région et l’attitude du locuteur.

cotexte + sens conventionnel + attitude + paraphrase

Word	Say it	Meaning
La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité.	la kro-nik mɛ lə dwa syr la plɛ ɑ̃ de-nɔ̃-sɑ̃ lo-pa-si-te	The column identifies the painful issue by denouncing opacity.
Le porte-parole tourne autour du pot pour éviter la question centrale.	lə port pa-rol turn o-tur dy po pur e-vi-te la kɛs-tjɔ̃ sɑ̃-tral	The spokesperson avoids the point to evade the central question.
Le rapport tient pour acquis un consensus que le procès-verbal ne démontre pas.	lə ra-por tjɛ̃ pur a-ki œ̃ kɔ̃-sɑ̃-sys kə lə pro-sɛ vɛr-bal nə de-mɔ̃tr pa	The report takes for granted a consensus the minutes do not demonstrate.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analyste	La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité.	la kro-nik mɛ lə dwa syr la plɛ ɑ̃ de-nɔ̃-sɑ̃ lo-pa-si-te	The column identifies the painful issue by denouncing opacity.
Rédacteur	Le porte-parole tourne autour du pot pour éviter la question centrale.	lə port pa-rol turn o-tur dy po pur e-vi-te la kɛs-tjɔ̃ sɑ̃-tral	The spokesperson avoids the point to evade the central question.
Collègue	Le rapport tient pour acquis un consensus que le procès-verbal ne démontre pas.	lə ra-por tjɛ̃ pur a-ki œ̃ kɔ̃-sɑ̃-sys kə lə pro-sɛ vɛr-bal nə de-mɔ̃tr pa	The report takes for granted a consensus the minutes do not demonstrate.
Président	La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité.	la kro-nik mɛ lə dwa syr la plɛ ɑ̃ de-nɔ̃-sɑ̃ lo-pa-si-te	The column identifies the painful issue by denouncing opacity.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this French practice tests. error correction, dialogue completion, reading comprehension, paragraph comprehension, main idea, detail identification, inference, listening comprehension, dictation, listen and choose, listen and reorder, listen and fill.

find the mistakeIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Replace an inaccurate rendering with the lesson model: The column identifies the painful issue by denouncing opacity.
Show the answer
La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité.
finish the dialogueIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Complete the turn meaning: The spokesperson avoids the point to evade the central question.
Show the answer
Le porte-parole tourne autour du pot pour éviter la question centrale.
readingIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Read Le rapport tient pour acquis un consensus que le procès-verbal ne démontre pas.. State its precise meaning.
Show the answer
The report takes for granted a consensus the minutes do not demonstrate.
paragraphIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Explain this turn’s role in the dialogue: La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité.
Show the answer
The column identifies the painful issue by denouncing opacity.
the main ideaIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — State the central aim of this lesson.
Show the answer
Interpréter l’expression figurée selon le genre et reformuler sans perdre son évaluation.
spot the detailIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Identify the exact detail in Le porte-parole tourne autour du pot pour éviter la question centrale..
Show the answer
The spokesperson avoids the point to evade the central question.
what is meantIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Infer the qualified meaning of La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité..
Show the answer
La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité.
listeningIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Play the synthetic audio and state its meaning.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
The column identifies the painful issue by denouncing opacity.
dictationIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Play the synthetic audio and type the target-language line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Le rapport tient pour acquis un consensus que le procès-verbal ne démontre pas.
listen and chooseIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Play the synthetic audio and choose its meaning.
1. The spokesperson avoids the point to evade the central question.
2. to take for granted
3. implication
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
The spokesperson avoids the point to evade the central question.
listen, then orderIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Play the synthetic audio and rebuild the line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Le porte-parole tourne autour du pot pour éviter la question centrale.
listen and fillIdiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle — Play the synthetic audio and complete the line.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Le rapport tient pour acquis un consensus que le procès-verbal ne démontre pas.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits mettre le doigt sur la plaie?
1. to identify the painful issue
2. to avoid the point
3. to take for granted
4. implication
Show the answer
to identify the painful issue
mettre le doigt sur la plaie means to identify the painful issue in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits tourner autour du pot?
1. to avoid the point
2. to take for granted
3. implication
4. allusion
Show the answer
to avoid the point
tourner autour du pot means to avoid the point in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits tenir pour acquis?
1. to take for granted
2. implication
3. allusion
4. deadpan irony
Show the answer
to take for granted
tenir pour acquis means to take for granted in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits sous-entendu?
1. implication
2. allusion
3. deadpan irony
4. proverb
Show the answer
implication
sous-entendu means implication in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits allusion?
1. allusion
2. deadpan irony
3. proverb
4. subtext
Show the answer
allusion
allusion means allusion in this lesson.

Worksheet: Idiome, allusion et pragmatique culturelle Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	mettre le doigt sur la plaie tourner autour du pot	to identify the painful issue to avoid the point
Translate while preserving stance.	La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité. Le porte-parole tourne autour du pot pour éviter la question centrale.	The column identifies the painful issue by denouncing opacity. The spokesperson avoids the point to evade the central question.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	The column identifies the painful issue by denouncing opacity. The report takes for granted a consensus the minutes do not demonstrate.	La chronique met le doigt sur la plaie en dénonçant l’opacité. Le rapport tient pour acquis un consensus que le procès-verbal ne démontre pas.

Review list. mettre le doigt sur la plaie · tourner autour du pot · tenir pour acquis · sous-entendu

Médiation à fort enjeu et réécriture

Négocier des intérêts sous-jacents et transposer une proposition entre oral, procès-verbal et communication publique.

Word	Say it	Meaning
partie prenante	par-ti prə-nɑ̃t	stakeholder
intérêt sous-jacent	ɛ̃-te-rɛ su ʒa-sɑ̃	underlying interest
accord conditionnel	a-kor kɔ̃-di-sjɔ-nɛl	conditional agreement
consigner	kɔ̃-si-ɲe	to record
recadrer	rə-ka-dre	to reframe
médiation	me-dja-sjɔ̃	mediation
reformulation	rə-for-my-la-sjɔ̃	reformulation
fidélité	fi-de-li-te	fidelity

Invariance propositionnelle

Le style adapte densité, terminologie et relation interpersonnelle; il ne doit pas effacer conditions, dissensus ou degré de certitude.

tour de négociation ↔ procès-verbal ↔ explication publique

Word	Say it	Meaning
Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant.	nu zak-sɛp-tə-rɔ̃ la pro-po-zi-sjɔ̃ a kɔ̃-di-sjɔ̃ kə lɛg-za-mɛ̃ swa ɛ̃-de-pɑ̃-dɑ̃	We will accept the proposal provided the review is independent.
Le procès-verbal consignera le désaccord maintenu par deux parties.	lə pro-sɛ vɛr-bal kɔ̃-si-ɲə-ra lə de-za-kor mɛ̃-tə-ny par dø par-ti	The minutes will record the disagreement maintained by two parties.
La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.	la vɛr-sjɔ̃ py-blik ɛks-pli-kə-ra la kɔ̃-di-sjɔ̃ sɑ̃ par-le də kɔ̃-sɑ̃-sys to-tal	The public version will explain the condition without calling it full consensus.

Watch out:

Preserve mood, stance, cohesion, and register; a grammatically possible form may still be pragmatically inappropriate.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Analyste	Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant.	nu zak-sɛp-tə-rɔ̃ la pro-po-zi-sjɔ̃ a kɔ̃-di-sjɔ̃ kə lɛg-za-mɛ̃ swa ɛ̃-de-pɑ̃-dɑ̃	We will accept the proposal provided the review is independent.
Rédacteur	Le procès-verbal consignera le désaccord maintenu par deux parties.	lə pro-sɛ vɛr-bal kɔ̃-si-ɲə-ra lə de-za-kor mɛ̃-tə-ny par dø par-ti	The minutes will record the disagreement maintained by two parties.
Collègue	La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.	la vɛr-sjɔ̃ py-blik ɛks-pli-kə-ra la kɔ̃-di-sjɔ̃ sɑ̃ par-le də kɔ̃-sɑ̃-sys to-tal	The public version will explain the condition without calling it full consensus.
Président	Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant.	nu zak-sɛp-tə-rɔ̃ la pro-po-zi-sjɔ̃ a kɔ̃-di-sjɔ̃ kə lɛg-za-mɛ̃ swa ɛ̃-de-pɑ̃-dɑ̃	We will accept the proposal provided the review is independent.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

What this French practice tests. repeat after audio, pronunciation, shadowing, guided speaking, free response, roleplay, sentence writing, short writing, paraphrase, summary, guided composition, register transformation.

repeat itMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Repeat the synthetic model; self-check only.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant.
pronunciationMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Practise intérêt sous-jacent (ɛ̃-te-rɛ su ʒa-sɑ̃); self-check only.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
intérêt sous-jacent
shadow the audioMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Shadow the synthetic model with its discourse rhythm.
audio drill — play it in the course player
Show the answer
La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.
guided speakingMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Produce orally: We will accept the proposal provided the review is independent.
Show the answer
Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant.
answer in your own wordsMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Give a new spoken response using this lesson’s distinction.
Show the answer
Le procès-verbal consignera le désaccord maintenu par deux parties.
role playMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Role-play the turn: The minutes will record the disagreement maintained by two parties.
Show the answer
La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.
write a sentenceMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Write one sentence using reformulation.
Show the answer
Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant.
short writingMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Write two linked sentences using the lesson pattern.
Show the answer
Le procès-verbal consignera le désaccord maintenu par deux parties.
say it another wayMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Paraphrase without changing stance: La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.
Show the answer
La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.
summariseMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Summarize the dialogue in one target-language sentence.
Show the answer
Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant.
guided compositionMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Compose a short response using the grammar pattern.
Show the answer
Le procès-verbal consignera le désaccord maintenu par deux parties.
change the registerMédiation à fort enjeu et réécriture — Recast for a different register: La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.
Show the answer
La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits partie prenante?
1. stakeholder
2. underlying interest
3. conditional agreement
4. to record
Show the answer
stakeholder
partie prenante means stakeholder in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits intérêt sous-jacent?
1. underlying interest
2. conditional agreement
3. to record
4. to reframe
Show the answer
underlying interest
intérêt sous-jacent means underlying interest in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits accord conditionnel?
1. conditional agreement
2. to record
3. to reframe
4. mediation
Show the answer
conditional agreement
accord conditionnel means conditional agreement in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits consigner?
1. to record
2. to reframe
3. mediation
4. reformulation
Show the answer
to record
consigner means to record in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits recadrer?
1. to reframe
2. mediation
3. reformulation
4. fidelity
Show the answer
to reframe
recadrer means to reframe in this lesson.

Worksheet: Médiation à fort enjeu et réécriture Workshop

Task	Prompts	Key
Explain contextual meaning.	partie prenante intérêt sous-jacent	stakeholder underlying interest
Translate while preserving stance.	Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant. Le procès-verbal consignera le désaccord maintenu par deux parties.	We will accept the proposal provided the review is independent. The minutes will record the disagreement maintained by two parties.
Produce advanced target-language discourse.	We will accept the proposal provided the review is independent. The public version will explain the condition without calling it full consensus.	Nous accepterons la proposition à condition que l’examen soit indépendant. La version publique expliquera la condition sans parler de consensus total.

Review list. partie prenante · intérêt sous-jacent · accord conditionnel · consigner

Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué

Mediation is rewriting one content for a new reader: the same paragraph becomes a report sentence, a press release, and a line for a general audience. The facts do not move; the frame does.

Word	Say it	Meaning
réécrire	ray-EKREER	to rewrite
le communiqué	luh koh-mü-nee-KAY	press release
le grand public	luh grah(n) pü-BLEEK	the general public
vulgariser	vül-gah-ree-ZAY	to make accessible
en clair	ah(n) KLEHR	in plain terms

Three registers, one fact

Le rapport écrit : le taux a augmenté de deux pour cent au premier trimestre. Le communiqué : la tendance reste maîtrisée. Pour le grand public : en clair, ça monte un peu. Three sentences, one figure, three readers.

report: le taux a augmenté de 2 % au premier trimestre · communiqué: la tendance reste maîtrisée · grand public: en clair, ça monte un peu

Word	Say it	Meaning
Le taux a augmenté de deux pour cent au premier trimestre.	luh TOH ah ohg-mah(n)-TAY duh duh poor SAH(N) oh pruh-MYAY tree-MEHSTR.	The rate rose by two per cent in the first quarter.
La tendance reste maîtrisée.	lah tah(n)-DAH(N)S rest may-tree-ZAY.	The trend remains under control.
En clair, ça monte un peu.	ah(n) KLEHR, sah MOH(N)T uh(n) PÜ.	In plain terms, it is going up a little.

Watch out:

Le communiqué invente un chiffre plus rassurant. → Le communiqué garde le chiffre et change le cadre. Mediation never invents; it reframes.
Pour le grand public : le taux a augmenté de deux pour cent au premier trimestre. → Pour le grand public : en clair, ça monte un peu. Vulgariser means finding the ordinary phrase, not repeating the report.

Dialogue. Read it aloud twice — once for each speaker.

Who	Line	Say it	English
Rédacteur	Vous avez trois publics : le rapport, le communiqué, la une.	voo zah-VAY trwah pü-BLEE : luh rah-POR, luh koh-mü-nee-KAY, lah ÜN.	You have three audiences: the report, the press release, the front page.
Auteur	Le rapport garde le chiffre : le taux a augmenté de deux pour cent.	luh rah-POR gard luh SHEEFR : luh TOH ah ohg-mah(n)-TAY duh duh poor SAH(N).	The report keeps the figure: the rate rose by two per cent.
Rédacteur	Le communiqué ?	luh koh-mü-nee-KAY ?	The press release?
Auteur	« La tendance reste maîtrisée. » Et pour la une : « en clair, ça monte un peu ».	lah tah(n)-DAH(N)S rest may-tree-ZAY. ay poor lah ÜN : ah(n) KLEHR, sah MOH(N)T uh(n) PÜ.	'The trend remains under control.' And for the front page: 'in plain terms, it is going up a little'.

Practice (12). Answer first, then open the answer.

multiple choicePractice 1: [multiple choice] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Choose the meaning of réécrire (ray-EKREER) in this lesson.
1. to rewrite
2. press release
3. the general public
4. to make accessible
Show the answer
to rewrite
fill the gapPractice 2: [fill in the blank] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Type the French expression meaning “press release”.
Show the answer
le communiqué
translatePractice 3: [translation] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Interpret the Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « ») in context: Le taux a augmenté de deux pour cent au premier trimestre. (luh TOH ah ohg-mah(n)-TAY duh duh poor SAH(N) oh pruh-MYAY tree-MEHSTR.).
Show the answer
The rate rose by two per cent in the first quarter.
translate into the languagePractice 4: [reverse translation] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Write in Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « »): The trend remains under control..
Show the answer
La tendance reste maîtrisée.
matchingPractice 5: [matching] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Match le grand public to its lesson meaning.
1. the general public
2. to rewrite
3. press release
Show the answer
the general public
put it in orderPractice 6: [reorder] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Reconstruct the lesson model in coherent French: In plain terms, it is going up a little..
Show the answer
En clair, ça monte un peu.
build the sentencePractice 7: [sentence building] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Build the sentence with the lesson pattern (report: le taux a augmenté de 2 % au premier trimestre · communiqué: la tendance reste maîtrisée · grand public: en clair, ça monte un peu): The rate rose by two per cent in the first quarter..
Show the answer
Le taux a augmenté de deux pour cent au premier trimestre.
choose the wordPractice 8: [word selection] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Select the French form for “to make accessible”.
1. vulgariser
2. en clair
Show the answer
vulgariser
find the mistakePractice 9: [error correction] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Correct the model the lesson warns about: Le communiqué invente un chiffre plus rassurant.
Show the answer
Le communiqué garde le chiffre et change le cadre.
finish the dialoguePractice 10: [dialogue completion] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Complete the exchange with the studied response to: You have three audiences: the report, the press release, the front page.
Show the answer
Le rapport garde le chiffre : le taux a augmenté de deux pour cent.
readingPractice 11: [reading comprehension] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Read “Le communiqué ?” (luh koh-mü-nee-KAY ?). What does it mean?
Show the answer
The press release?
paragraphPractice 12: [paragraph comprehension] Réécrire pour un autre public : du rapport au communiqué — Read the lesson dialogue as a whole and give its key move: 'The trend remains under control.' And for the front page: 'in plain terms, it is going up a little'.
Show the answer
« La tendance reste maîtrisée. » Et pour la une : « en clair, ça monte un peu ».

Quick check (5).

quick checkWhich meaning best fits réécrire?
1. to rewrite
2. press release
3. the general public
4. to make accessible
Show the answer
to rewrite
réécrire (ray-EKREER) means to rewrite in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits le communiqué?
1. press release
2. to rewrite
3. the general public
4. to make accessible
Show the answer
press release
le communiqué (luh koh-mü-nee-KAY) means press release in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits le grand public?
1. the general public
2. to rewrite
3. press release
4. to make accessible
Show the answer
the general public
le grand public (luh grah(n) pü-BLEEK) means the general public in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits vulgariser?
1. to make accessible
2. to rewrite
3. press release
4. the general public
Show the answer
to make accessible
vulgariser (vül-gah-ree-ZAY) means to make accessible in this lesson.
quick checkWhich meaning best fits en clair?
1. in plain terms
2. to rewrite
3. press release
4. the general public
Show the answer
in plain terms
en clair (ah(n) KLEHR) means in plain terms in this lesson.

Worksheet: Mediation worksheet

Task	Prompts	Key
Rewrite for each reader.	the figure (report) the trend (press release) in plain terms (general public)	Le taux a augmenté de 2 %. La tendance reste maîtrisée. En clair, ça monte un peu.
Keep the fact, change the frame.	one figure, three registers do not invent a figure	Un chiffre, trois registres. On n'invente pas un chiffre.
Integrated offline practice: read the first model, transform or extend it in Latin with French diacritics (é è ê à ç ù î ô û œ « »), then rehearse it as a dialogue. Self-check meaning, grammar, and register.	Le taux a augmenté de deux pour cent au premier trimestre. Vous avez trois publics : le rapport, le communiqué, la une.	The rate rose by two per cent in the first quarter. You have three audiences: the report, the press release, the front page.

Review list. réécrire · le communiqué · le grand public · vulgariser

Recall drills — 126 more questions from the C2 words

These 126 drills are generated from the French C2 vocabulary list — the words of “Semantic and Viewpoint Precision” through “Cultural and High-Stakes Mediation”, in both directions: recognition (word → meaning) and production (meaning → word). They re-ask what the course data already contains; no answer here was written by a machine, and a generated drill is practice, never a lesson.

Semantic and Viewpoint Precision — 42 drills

Ask	Answer
What does “seulement” mean?	only
How do you say “only” in French?	seulement — say it “sœl-mɑ̃”
What does “précisément” mean?	precisely
How do you say “precisely” in French?	précisément — say it “pre-si-ze-mɑ̃”
What does “même” mean?	even
How do you say “even” in French?	même — say it “mɛm”
What does “présupposé” mean?	presupposition
How do you say “presupposition” in French?	présupposé — say it “pre-sy-po-ze”
What does “implicature” mean?	implicature
How do you say “implicature” in French?	implicature — say it “ɛ̃-pli-ka-tyr”
What does “portée” mean?	scope
How do you say “scope” in French?	portée — say it “por-te”
What does “entraîner” mean?	to entail
How do you say “to entail” in French?	entraîner — say it “ɑ̃-trɛ-ne”
What does “écarter” mean?	to rule out
How do you say “to rule out” in French?	écarter — say it “e-kar-te”
What does “eût-il fallu” mean?	had it been necessary
How do you say “had it been necessary” in French?	eût-il fallu — say it “y-til fa-ly”
What does “aurait pu” mean?	could have
How do you say “could have” in French?	aurait pu — say it “o-rɛ py”
What does “se serait avéré” mean?	would have proved
How do you say “would have proved” in French?	se serait avéré — say it “sə sə-rɛ a-ve-re”
What does “conjecture” mean?	conjecture
How do you say “conjecture” in French?	conjecture — say it “kɔ̃-ʒɛk-tyr”
What does “distance” mean?	distance
How do you say “distance” in French?	distance — say it “dis-tɑ̃s”
What does “contrefactuel” mean?	counterfactual
How do you say “counterfactual” in French?	contrefactuel — say it “kɔ̃tr fak-ty-ɛl”
What does “regret” mean?	regret
How do you say “regret” in French?	regret — say it “rə-grɛ”
What does “responsabilité” mean?	responsibility
How do you say “responsibility” in French?	responsabilité — say it “rɛs-pɔ̃-sa-bi-li-te”
What does “l'hésitation” mean?	hesitation
How do you say “hesitation” in French?	l'hésitation — say it “lay-zee-tah-SYOH(N)”
What does “la voix” mean?	voice
How do you say “voice” in French?	la voix — say it “lah VWAH”
What does “le narrateur” mean?	narrator
How do you say “narrator” in French?	le narrateur — say it “luh nah-rah-TUHR”
What does “le point de vue” mean?	point of view
How do you say “point of view” in French?	le point de vue — say it “luh pwa(n) duh VÜ”
What does “sans guillemets” mean?	without quotation marks
How do you say “without quotation marks” in French?	sans guillemets — say it “sah(n) gee-YEH”

Rhetoric and Genre Mastery — 42 drills

Ask	Answer
What does “cadrage” mean?	framing
How do you say “framing” in French?	cadrage — say it “ka-draʒ”
What does “concession” mean?	concession
How do you say “concession” in French?	concession — say it “kɔ̃-sɛ-sjɔ̃”
What does “réfutation” mean?	refutation
How do you say “refutation” in French?	réfutation — say it “re-fy-ta-sjɔ̃”
What does “sophisme” mean?	fallacy
How do you say “fallacy” in French?	sophisme — say it “so-fism”
What does “ironie” mean?	irony
How do you say “irony” in French?	ironie — say it “i-ro-ni”
What does “biais” mean?	bias
How do you say “bias” in French?	biais — say it “bjɛ”
What does “pondérer” mean?	to weigh
How do you say “to weigh” in French?	pondérer — say it “pɔ̃-de-re”
What does “persuasif” mean?	persuasive
How do you say “persuasive” in French?	persuasif — say it “pɛr-sɥa-zif”
What does “contraignant” mean?	binding
How do you say “binding” in French?	contraignant — say it “kɔ̃-trɛ-ɲɑ̃”
What does “facultatif” mean?	optional
How do you say “optional” in French?	facultatif — say it “fa-kyl-ta-tif”
What does “manquement” mean?	breach/non-compliance
How do you say “breach/non-compliance” in French?	manquement — say it “mɑ̃k-mɑ̃”
What does “sans préjudice de” mean?	without prejudice to
How do you say “without prejudice to” in French?	sans préjudice de — say it “sɑ̃ pre-ʒy-dis də”
What does “être tenu de” mean?	to be required to
How do you say “to be required to” in French?	être tenu de — say it “ɛtr tə-ny də”
What does “ambiguïté” mean?	ambiguity
How do you say “ambiguity” in French?	ambiguïté — say it “ɑ̃-bi-gy-i-te”
What does “garantie” mean?	safeguard
How do you say “safeguard” in French?	garantie — say it “ga-rɑ̃-ti”
What does “motiver” mean?	to give reasons for
How do you say “to give reasons for” in French?	motiver — say it “mo-ti-ve”
What does “au sens de” mean?	within the meaning of
How do you say “within the meaning of” in French?	au sens de — say it “oh SAH(N)S duh”
What does “délimiter” mean?	to delimit
How do you say “to delimit” in French?	délimiter — say it “day-lee-mee-TAY”
What does “exclure” mean?	to exclude
How do you say “to exclude” in French?	exclure — say it “eks-KLÜR”
What does “le champ d'application” mean?	scope
How do you say “scope” in French?	le champ d'application — say it “luh shah(n) dah-plee-kah-SYOH(N)”
What does “nonobstant” mean?	notwithstanding
How do you say “notwithstanding” in French?	nonobstant — say it “noh-nob-STAH(N)”

Cultural and High-Stakes Mediation — 42 drills

Ask	Answer
What does “mettre le doigt sur la plaie” mean?	to identify the painful issue
How do you say “to identify the painful issue” in French?	mettre le doigt sur la plaie — say it “mɛtr lə dwa syr la plɛ”
What does “tourner autour du pot” mean?	to avoid the point
How do you say “to avoid the point” in French?	tourner autour du pot — say it “tur-ne o-tur dy po”
What does “tenir pour acquis” mean?	to take for granted
How do you say “to take for granted” in French?	tenir pour acquis — say it “tə-nir pur a-ki”
What does “sous-entendu” mean?	implication
How do you say “implication” in French?	sous-entendu — say it “su-zɑ̃-tɑ̃-dy”
What does “allusion” mean?	allusion
How do you say “allusion” in French?	allusion — say it “a-ly-zjɔ̃”
What does “ironie pince-sans-rire” mean?	deadpan irony
How do you say “deadpan irony” in French?	ironie pince-sans-rire — say it “i-ro-ni pɛ̃s sɑ̃ rir”
What does “proverbe” mean?	proverb
How do you say “proverb” in French?	proverbe — say it “pro-vɛrb”
What does “subtexte” mean?	subtext
How do you say “subtext” in French?	subtexte — say it “syb-tɛkst”
What does “partie prenante” mean?	stakeholder
How do you say “stakeholder” in French?	partie prenante — say it “par-ti prə-nɑ̃t”
What does “intérêt sous-jacent” mean?	underlying interest
How do you say “underlying interest” in French?	intérêt sous-jacent — say it “ɛ̃-te-rɛ su ʒa-sɑ̃”
What does “accord conditionnel” mean?	conditional agreement
How do you say “conditional agreement” in French?	accord conditionnel — say it “a-kor kɔ̃-di-sjɔ-nɛl”
What does “consigner” mean?	to record
How do you say “to record” in French?	consigner — say it “kɔ̃-si-ɲe”
What does “recadrer” mean?	to reframe
How do you say “to reframe” in French?	recadrer — say it “rə-ka-dre”
What does “médiation” mean?	mediation
How do you say “mediation” in French?	médiation — say it “me-dja-sjɔ̃”
What does “reformulation” mean?	reformulation
How do you say “reformulation” in French?	reformulation — say it “rə-for-my-la-sjɔ̃”
What does “fidélité” mean?	fidelity
How do you say “fidelity” in French?	fidélité — say it “fi-de-li-te”
What does “réécrire” mean?	to rewrite
How do you say “to rewrite” in French?	réécrire — say it “ray-EKREER”
What does “le communiqué” mean?	press release
How do you say “press release” in French?	le communiqué — say it “luh koh-mü-nee-KAY”
What does “le grand public” mean?	the general public
How do you say “the general public” in French?	le grand public — say it “luh grah(n) pü-BLEEK”
What does “vulgariser” mean?	to make accessible
How do you say “to make accessible” in French?	vulgariser — say it “vül-gah-ree-ZAY”
What does “en clair” mean?	in plain terms
How do you say “in plain terms” in French?	en clair — say it “ah(n) KLEHR”

The C2 test — 10 items

The 10-item test closes French C2. Answers are shown; in the course player the same test decides whether the next level unlocks.

translate into the languageInterpret seulement.
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only
translate into the languageInterpret eût-il fallu.
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had it been necessary
translate into the languageInterpret cadrage.
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framing
translate into the languageInterpret contraignant.
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binding
translate into the languageInterpret mettre le doigt sur la plaie.
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to identify the painful issue
translate into the languageInterpret partie prenante.
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stakeholder
paragraphPortée, présupposition et implicite — Explain this turn’s role in the dialogue: Le problème n’est pas seulement budgétaire, mais aussi institutionnel.
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The problem is not only budgetary but also institutional.
guided speakingPoint de vue contrefactuel — Produce orally: The minister reportedly received the report, according to unconfirmed sources.
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Le ministre aurait reçu le rapport, selon des sources non confirmées.
build the argumentRhétorique, ironie et persuasion — Build a claim, evidence, and qualification using the lesson model.
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Une réfutation solide répond à la meilleure version de l’argument adverse.
choose the wordPrécision juridique et éditoriale — Select the expression meaning “without prejudice to”.
1. sans préjudice de
2. être tenu de
3. ambiguïté
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sans préjudice de

French C2 beyond the drills — culture, reading, listening, idioms

These sections are written for French C2 specifically. The reading text is EkGuru's own; the culture note cites where its facts come from; the idioms and the mistakes list are the ones this level actually trips over.

Culture note

French literary argument plays with understatement: the litote (« ce n'est pas rien ») says more by saying less, and irony often arrives through a borrowed register — a legal phrase in a poem, a slogan in an essay. Reading at C2 means hearing the borrowed voice and knowing who is being quoted, and mocked.

Source (named, not linked): en.wikipedia.org, the article “French literature”.

Reading — read this aloud, slowly

« Il n'était pas sans savoir que la chose était délicate » : trois négations pour une seule information, et l'information elle-même reste au bord de la phrase. Le commentaire qui suit cite un communiqué — « une issue favorable est envisageable » — et le laisse là, sans guillemets ajoutés, pour que le lecteur entende le vide.

What it says: 'He was not unaware that the matter was delicate': three negations for one piece of information, and the information itself stays at the edge of the sentence. The commentary that follows quotes a press release — 'a favourable outcome is conceivable' — and leaves it there, with no added quotation marks, so that the reader hears the emptiness.

Listening — one voice, one text

Use the speaker button to hear this text with a browser voice tagged fr-FR; playback starts only after a click. If no matching voice is installed, read it aloud yourself — the rhythm is the point.

Rédacteur: Votre texte cite le communiqué sans le commenter.<br>Auteur: Je le laisse parler.<br>Rédacteur: Et le lecteur entend ?<br>Auteur: Il entend la litote, s'il veut bien.

What it says: Editor: Your text quotes the press release without commenting on it. Author: I let it speak. Editor: And the reader hears? Author: They hear the understatement, if they care to.

10 idioms and fixed phrases

Idiom	Word for word	What it means
La litote	the litotes	understatement
Ne pas être sans savoir	not to be without knowing	to be well aware
À demi-mot	at half word	without spelling it out
Sous-entendre	to under-hear	to imply
Le non-dit	the unsaid	what is left unsaid
Mettre entre guillemets	to put in quotation marks	to quote, to hedge
Le ton pince-sans-rire	the dry-witted tone	deadpan
Faire mouche	to make fly	to hit the mark
Sans y toucher	without touching it	without appearing to try
Un clin d'œil	a wink of the eye	a nod, a knowing allusion

The 3 mistakes this level makes

Ce n'est pas rien, c'est-à-dire que c'est énorme. → Ce n'est pas rien. A litote explains itself into nothing; leave it standing.
Il a dit : « » entre guillemets, ironiquement. → Il a dit « une issue favorable est envisageable » — et s'est tu. Show the irony by silence, not by labelling it.
L'auteur est ironique ici (trois fois dans le paragraphe). → L'auteur cite le communiqué sans commentaire. Describe the device once; the reader will hear the rest.

Your task

Write a litote and dismantle one Write a six-line French paragraph in which a plan is described only by what it is not (« ce n'est pas rien », « il n'est pas exclu que »), then rewrite the same paragraph in flat official French and in one blunt line. Finally, take a real French slogan or press release and write the sentence that names what it leaves unsaid without using the word ironie.

Keep going

Practice labQuiz, typing, worksheets and conversation scenarios for French.Open the labs

Topic quizMultiple-choice questions from this course, with explanations.Take the quiz

Review deckThe core words ticked off until they stick.Open the deck

Course pagesThis language’s own pages — alphabet, lessons and starter pack.Open the course

All levelsThe ladder for French: six levels and the half-steps between them.See every level

Play this levelKeeps score and unlocks the next level on this device.Open the player

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